Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants with type 2 diabetes by incident IHD status, excluding those with pre-recruitment hospitalisation for/with IHD
| No hospitalisation for/with IHD or non-HF cardiac/sudden death | Incident hospitalisation for IHD or non-HF cardiac/sudden deathb | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 516 (78.4) | 142 (21.6) | |
| CAN group (%) | 0.099 | ||
| None | 55.6 | 50.0 | |
| Possible | 32.9 | 31.7 | |
| Definite | 11.4 | 18.3 | |
| MCR (n = 658) | 21.4 [12.4–34.8] | 22.1 [11.9–31.0] | 0.578 |
| E:I ratio (n = 658) | 1.13 [1.09–1.20] | 1.13 [1.08–1.18] | 0.198 |
| Valsalva ratio (n = 642) | 1.51 [1.33–1.73] | 1.44 [1.28–1.58] | 0.009 |
| 30:15 Stand ratio (n = 657) | 1.16 [1.09–1.25] | 1.12 [1.07–1.21] | < 0.001 |
| Orthostatic hypotension (%) | 14.8 | 8.5 | 0.069 |
| Age (years) | 60.9 ± 10.5 | 62.0 ± 10.5 | 0.257 |
| Male (%) | 53.1 | 54.9 | 0.705 |
| Education beyond primary level (%) | 93.7 | 92.9 | 0.702 |
| Not fluent in English (%) | 6.4 | 6.3 | > 0.999 |
| Ethnic background (%) | 0.046 | ||
| Anglo-Celt | 54.1 | 50.0 | |
| Southern European | 11.0 | 10.6 | |
| Other European | 7.2 | 7.7 | |
| Asian | 4.8 | 2.8 | |
| Aboriginal | 5.6 | 14.1 | |
| Mixed/other | 17.2 | 14.8 | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.225 | ||
| Never | 54.5 | 46.4 | |
| Ex- | 34.9 | 40.7 | |
| Current | 10.6 | 12.9 | |
| Alcohol consumption (standard drinksa/day) | 0.3 [0–1.5] | 0.1 [0–0.8] | 0.034 |
| Antidepressant use (%) | 14.1 | 15.5 | 0.687 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 2.5 | 4.2 | 0.267 |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 8.9 | 6.3 | 0.394 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 52.8 ± 11.2 | 50.9 ± 12.3 | 0.076 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 5.7 [2.6–13.0] | 10.0 [4.2–16.1] | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | 0.019 | ||
| Diet/exercise | 25.5 | 17.0 | |
| Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 56.1 | 53.9 | |
| Insulin alone | 2.7 | 5.0 | |
| Insulin ± oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 15.6 | 24.1 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 [6.2–7.6] | 7.1 [6.3–8.3] | 0.005 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51 [44–60] | 54 [45–67] | 0.005 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 7.3 [6.4–8.9] | 7.6 [6.5–10.6] | 0.035 |
| ABSI (m11/6 kg−2/3) | 0.080 ± 0.005 | 0.082 ± 0.005 | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.2 ± 6.2 | 31.8 ± 7.0 | 0.502 |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 70 ± 11 | 73 ± 12 | 0.004 |
| Supine systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 20 | 146 ± 20 | 0.003 |
| Supine diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 13 | 0.851 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 64.3 | 65.5 | 0.843 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 30.2 | 33.1 | 0.539 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 31.2 | 35.2 | 0.363 |
| Beta-blockers | 8.9 | 9.9 | 0.743 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 20.2 | 21.1 | 0.814 |
| Diuretics | 24.0 | 28.9 | 0.274 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 0.040 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.33 | 1.19 ± 0.29 | 0.534 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | 0.028 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 64.1 | 61.3 | 0.555 |
| uACR (mg/mmol) | 2.3 (0.7–7.5) | 4.1 (0.8–21.6) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 86 ± 18 | 82 ± 21 | 0.048 |
| eGFR categories (%) | 0.254 | ||
| ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2 | 47.2 | 41.1 | |
| 60–89 mL/min/1.73m2 | 43.7 | 44.7 | |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73m2 | 6.0 | 7.8 | |
| 30–44 mL/min/1.73m2 | 1.7 | 4.3 | |
| < 30 mL/min/1.73m2 | 1.4 | 2.1 | |
| Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%) | 28.7 | 38.3 | 0.031 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 17.9 | 23.2 | 0.184 |
| Prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease (%) | 2.9 | 6.3 | 0.073 |
| Prior hospitalisation for HF (%) | 1.4 | 2.8 | 0.264 |
a1 standard drink = 10 U ethanol; bthree participants with unknown cause of death excluded from this analysis