Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of FDS2 type 2 diabetes participants attending for their first ANS examination between May 2009 and November 2012 by incident hospitalisation for/with heart failure or death from heart failure to 31 December 2021, excluding those with prior hospitalisation for/with heart failure
| No hospitalisation for/with or death from HF | Incident hospitalisation for/with or death from HFb | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 675 (85.0) | 119 (15.0) | |
| CAN group (%) | 0.002 | ||
| None | 53.8 | 43.7 | |
| Possible | 33.6 | 31.1 | |
| Definite | 12.6 | 25.2 | |
| MCR (n = 794) | 21.3 [12.1–33.3] | 16.1 [7.9–25.3] | < 0.001 |
| E:I ratio (n = 794) | 1.13 [1.08–1.19] | 1.11 [1.06–1.17] | 0.008 |
| Valsalva ratio (n = 775) | 1.47 [1.31–1.68] | 1.38 [1.22–1.52] | < 0.001 |
| 30:15 Stand ratio (n = 794) | 1.15 [1.08–1.23] | 1.12 [1.06–1.18] | 0.005 |
| Orthostatic hypotension (%) | 12.5 | 8.4 | 0.223 |
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 10.2 | 66.5 ± 11.2 | < 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 56.4 | 55.5 | 0.842 |
| Education beyond primary level (%) | 93.2 | 93.1 | > 0.999 |
| Not fluent in English (%) | 6.4 | 8.4 | 0.425 |
| Ethnic background (%) | 0.050 | ||
| Anglo-Celt | 53.3 | 50.4 | |
| Southern European | 11.1 | 9.2 | |
| Other European | 7.4 | 6.7 | |
| Asian | 4.9 | 3.4 | |
| Aboriginal | 5.9 | 15.1 | |
| Mixed/other | 17.3 | 15.1 | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.306 | ||
| Never | 52.8 | 51.7 | |
| Ex- | 37.2 | 33.6 | |
| Current | 10.0 | 14.7 | |
| Alcohol consumption (standard drinksa/day) | 0.3 [0–1.5] | 0.1 [0–0.8] | 0.023 |
| Antidepressant use (%) | 14.7 | 15.1 | 0.889 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 3.3 | 4.2 | 0.583 |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 8.3 | 6.7 | 0.715 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 52.9 ± 11.0 | 52.5 ± 13.6 | 0.764 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.1 [2.9–13.1] | 14.0 [5.8–19.2] | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Diet/exercise | 24.4 | 16.2 | |
| Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 56.0 | 47.9 | |
| Insulin alone | 3.1 | 6.8 | |
| Insulin ± oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 16.5 | 29.1 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 [6.2–7.7] | 7.1 [6.4–8.2] | 0.032 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52 [44–61] | 54 [46–66] | 0.032 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 7.4 [6.5–9.1] | 7.5 [6.3–9.3] | 0.805 |
| ABSI (m11/6 kg−2/3) | 0.081 ± 0.005 | 0.082 ± 0.005 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.9 ± 6.1 | 31.6 ± 6.6 | 0.663 |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 70 ± 11 | 70 ± 13 | 0.573 |
| Supine systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 19 | 150 ± 23 | < 0.001 |
| Supine diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 11 | 80 ± 13 | 0.796 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 68.1 | 77.3 | 0.052 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 31.9 | 38.7 | 0.169 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 32.9 | 40.3 | 0.117 |
| Beta-blockers | 13.9 | 26.1 | 0.002 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 20.9 | 35.3 | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 24.1 | 30.3 | 0.169 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 0.569 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.30 | 1.23 ± 0.35 | 0.143 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 0.349 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 66.7 | 74.8 | 0.089 |
| uACR (mg/mmol) | 2.3 (0.7–7.1) | 5.9 (1.1–32.4) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 85 ± 18 | 79 ± 21 | 0.002 |
| eGFR categories (%) | 0.003 | ||
| ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2 | 45.6 | 31.9 | |
| 60–89 mL/min/1.73m2 | 45.2 | 48.7 | |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73m2 | 5.6 | 12.6 | |
| < 45 mL/min/1.73m2 | 3.6 | 6.7 | |
| Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%) | 30.3 | 45.8 | 0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 16.8 | 35.3 | < 0.001 |
| Prior hospitalisation for IHD (%) | 15.4 | 36.1 | < 0.001 |
| Prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease (%) | 3.9 | 10.9 | 0.004 |
a1 standard drink = 10 U ethanol; btwo participants with unknown cause of death excluded from this analysis