Table 6.
Baseline characteristics of FDS2 participants with type 2 diabetes by all-cause mortality at end of follow-up
| Alive | Deceased | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 668 (80.5) | 162 (19.5) | |
| CAN group (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| None | 54.6 | 35.8 | |
| Possible | 33.4 | 35.2 | |
| Definite | 12.0 | 29.0 | |
| MCR (n = 830) | 21.5 [12.9–33.9] | 11.8 [6.8–23.7] | < 0.001 |
| E:I ratio (n = 830) | 1.13 [1.08–1.19] | 1.11 [1.06–1.15] | < 0.001 |
| Valsalva ratio (n = 809) | 1.47 [1.31–1.68] | 1.37 [1.22–1.51] | < 0.001 |
| 30:15 Stand ratio (n = 829) | 1.15 [1.09–1.23] | 1.12 [1.05–1.18] | < 0.001 |
| Orthostatic hypotension (%) | 12.6 | 8.7 | 0.220 |
| Age (years) | 60.9 ± 10.2 | 68.0 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 54.3 | 63.0 | 0.052 |
| Education beyond primary level (%) | 93.3 | 90.1 | 0.178 |
| Not fluent in English (%) | 6.9 | 6.2 | 0.862 |
| Ethnic background (%) | 0.093 | ||
| Anglo-Celt | 51.2 | 59.9 | |
| Southern European | 11.4 | 8.0 | |
| Other European | 8.4 | 4.3 | |
| Asian | 5.1 | 1.9 | |
| Aboriginal/TSI | 7.6 | 8.6 | |
| Mixed/other | 16.3 | 17.3 | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.359 | ||
| Never | 53.1 | 48.1 | |
| Ex- | 35.6 | 41.8 | |
| Current | 11.3 | 10.1 | |
| Alcohol consumption (standard drinksa/day) | 0.3 [0–1.2] | 0.1 [0–1.5] | 0.106 |
| Antidepressant use (%) | 13.5 | 19.8 | 0.048 |
| TCAs | 2.8 | 4.9 | 0.213 |
| SSRIs | 7.9 | 8.0 | > 0.999 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 52.2 ± 11.0 | 55.8 ± 12.8 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.5 [3.0–14.0] | 11.0 [4.5–17.1] | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | 0.223 | ||
| Diet/exercise | 23.6 | 21.3 | |
| Oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 55.2 | 50.0 | |
| Insulin alone | 3.8 | 4.4 | |
| Insulin ± oral agents ± non-insulin injectables | 17.4 | 24.4 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 [6.3–7.8] | 6.8 [6.3–7.7] | 0.347 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52 [45–62] | 51 [45–61] | 0.347 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.4 [6.4–9.2] | 7.5 [6.2–9.0] | 0.199 |
| ABSI (m11/6 kg−2/3) | 0.081 ± 0.005 | 0.082 ± 0.005 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.1 ± 6.2 | 31.3 ± 6.5 | 0.138 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 70 ± 11 | 70 ± 12 | 0.391 |
| Supine SBP (mmHg) | 142 ± 20 | 145 ± 20 | 0.032 |
| Supine DBP (mmHg) | 81 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 0.016 |
| On BP-lowering medication (%) | 67.5 | 80.2 | 0.002 |
| ACE-I | 33.2 | 37.0 | 0.357 |
| ARB | 31.1 | 44.4 | 0.002 |
| Beta-blockers | 15.0 | 27.2 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 20.7 | 32.1 | 0.002 |
| Diuretics | 23.8 | 34.6 | 0.007 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 0.840 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.30 | 1.19 ± 0.34 | 0.806 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 0.958 |
| On lipid-lowering medication (%) | 67.2 | 71.0 | 0.399 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 2.5 (0.7–9.3) | 3.9 (1.0–15.2) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | |||
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) stages (ml/min/1.73m2) | < 0.001 | ||
| ≥ 90 | 46.8 | 25.9 | |
| 60–89 | 45.2 | 47.5 | |
| 45–59 | 5.3 | 13.6 | |
| 30–44 | 2.1 | 7.4 | |
| < 30 | 0.6 | 5.6 | |
| Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%) | 29.8 | 44.1 | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 17.7 | 30.9 | < 0.001 |
| Prior hospitalisation for IHD (%) | 16.8 | 35.8 | < 0.001 |
| Prior hospitalisation for cerebrovascular disease (%) | 3.4 | 11.7 | < 0.001 |
| Prior hospitalisation for HF (%) | 2.5 | 10.5 | < 0.001 |
a1 standard drink = 10 U ethanol