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. 2024 Mar 18;19:124. doi: 10.1186/s13023-024-03133-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — SUD criteria positivity rate. *if there are missing data for some items, the number of patients concerned is mentioned below. DSM SUD criteria: Item 1 = Using more of a substance than planned, or using a substance for a longer interval than desired (missing data for 2 patients). Item 2 = Inability to cut down despite desire to do so (missing data for 2 patients). Item 3 = Spending substantial amount of the day obtaining, using, or recovering from substance use (missing data for 1 patient). Item 4 = Cravings or intense urges to use (missing data for 1 patient). Item 5 = Recurrent substance use may result in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (missing data for 1 patient). Item 6 = Persistent usage despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems. Item 7 = Giving up or cutting back on important social, professional, or leisure activities because of use. Item 8 = Using in physically hazardous situations, or usage causing physical or mental harm. Item 9 = Persistent use despite the user's awareness that the substance is causing or at least worsening a physical or mental problem. Item 10 = Tolerance: needing to use increasing amounts of a substance to obtain its desired effects (missing data for 2 patients). Item 11 = Withdrawal: characteristic group of physical effects or symptoms that emerge as amount of substance in the body decreases (missing data for 2 patients)

(N=339 patients*)