Table 2.

Early, mid-term, and late effects of balance training on static and dynamic balance performance in healthy children

Parameter	INT-group (n = 22)				CON-group (n = 22)				p-value (ηp2)
	Pre	Post 1 (early)	Post 2 (mid-term)	Post 3 (late)	Pre	Post 1 (early)	Post 2 (mid-term)	Post 3 (late)	Test	Group × Test	Group
One-Legged Stance test
OLS time; EC–FI [s]	9.8 ± 6.5	13.0 ± 11.3	15.0 ± 11.3	25.7 ± 16.6	15.0 ± 19.2	11.2 ± 16.7	17.9 ± 18.7	15.4 ± 17.6	< 0.001 (0.15)	0.002 (0.11)	0.800 (0.01)
OLS time; EO–FO [s]	20.7 ± 14.3	18.8 ± 16.5	24.9 ± 15.9	30.9 ± 19.5	37.0 ± 21.8	28.1 ± 22.9	24.2 ± 21.7	28.0 ± 19.7	0.146 (0.04)	0.009 (0.09)	0.212 (0.04)
OLS time; EC–FO [s]	3.1 ± 1.7	3.7 ± 2.5	5.5 ± 3.6	7.8 ± 5.4	3.6 ± 2.2	3.6 ± 3.5	7.6 ± 13.5	5.2 ± 8.1	0.008 (0.09)	0.259 (0.03)	0.985 (0.01)
3-m Beam Walk test
6.0-cm beam width [steps]	14.1 ± 3.2	14.3 ± 2.5	15.9 ± 0.4	15.6 ± 1.0	14.0 ± 2.8	14.1 ± 2.9	14.7 ± 2.3	15.1 ± 1.9	0.007 (0.09)	0.662 (0.01)	0.195 (0.04)
4.5-cm beam width [steps]	12.2 ± 3.8	13.0 ± 3.5	12.2 ± 4.2	14.7 ± 2.7	12.3 ± 2.9	11.9 ± 4.2	13.0 ± 3.7	11.5 ± 3.1	0.554 (0.02)	0.007 (0.09)	0.259 (0.03)
3.0-cm beam width [steps]	7.4 ± 3.1	9.9 ± 4.7	9.4 ± 3.2	11.7 ± 3.7	7.4 ± 3.9	8.0 ± 3.6	7.4 ± 4.1	6.1 ± 3.4	0.051 (0.06)	< 0.001 (0.14)	0.006 (0.16)

Data are presented as group mean values ± standard deviations. Values are p-values and effect sizes (η_p²) in brackets with 0.02 ≤ η_p² ≤ 0.12 indicating small, 0.13 ≤ η_p² ≤ 0.25 indicating medium, and η_p² ≥ 0.26 indicating large effects. Bold values indicate statistically significant differences. The main effect of “Test” means differences between the pretest and posttests, irrespective of group. The main effect of “Group” means differences between the intervention and control group, irrespective of Test. The interaction effect of “Group × Test” means group-specific differences between the pretest and posttests. EC Eyes closed; EO Eyes opened; FI Firm ground; FO Foam ground; OLS One-Legged Stance test