Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies outcomes, light source parameters and combination treatment, in central nervous system disorders in clinical studies
| Author | Disease category | Disorder | Sex/Age | Combination therapy | Laser/(LED) | Treatment duration | Key outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zaizar et al., 2018 [30] | Neuropsychiatric | Fear and anxiety | NM / 18–65 | Exposure therapy | 1064 nm, 120 J/cm2, 0.25 W/cm2 | NM | Combination therapy improved the outcomes of exposure therapy in pathological fear cases |
| Zaizar et al., 2023 [31] | Neuropsychiatric | Fear | F / 18 – 65 | Exposure therapy | 1064 nm, 120 J/cm2 | NM | Stimulation of dlPFC and vmPFC regions did not enhance exposure therapy outcome |
| De Marchi et al., 2023 [32] | Neuropsychiatric | Stress | F / 44.81 ± 10.77 | Static magnetic field & Pilates | 905 nm, 0.085 J/cm2 (875 nm, 2.22 J/cm2 and 640 nm, 2.77 J/cm2) | 12 weeks (2/week) | Increased urinary tract`s muscle strength and tone; Improved quality of life and decreased urinary lost |
| Arakelyan, 2005 [33] | Neurodegenerative | AD | M, F / 73.1 | Magnetic field & Light chromo therapies | 633 nm | 6 courses delivered over 18 months, 15 procedures per course | Combination therapy by magnetic field but not light chromo therapy improved outcomes of ADAS-Cog test in AD patients |
| Nagy et al., 2021 [34] | Neurodegenerative | AD | M, F / 69.50 | Aerobic exercise | 650 nm | 12 weeks (1/week) | Improved Hb level, MoCa – B basic, quality of life for AD scale and Berg Balance scale scores; Significant reduction in BMI and WHR |
| Tamae et al., 2020 [35] | Neurodegenerative | PD | NM / 30—80 | Vacuum therapy | 670, 808 nm | 3 weeks (2/week) | Improved muscle pain in parkinsonians; Affected positively the quality of life |
| Hong et al., 2021 [36] | Neurodegenerative | PD | F / 67.53 ± 8.83 | Molecular hydrogen water | 940 nm, 6 mW/cm2 | 2 weeks | UPDRS scores began decreasing from the first week, after 1 week of therapy cessation, UPDRS scores slightly increased but the improvement remained significant compared with the baseline |
| Casalechi et al., 2020 [37] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 45 – 60 | Magnetic field | 905nm, 0.71 mW/cm2 (875 nm, 19.44 mW/cm2 and 640 nm, 16.67 mW/cm2, 1.27, 3.8, 6.35 J/cm2) | 4 weeks (4/week) | Positive acute effects on functional mobility in stroke survivors; Improved the 6MWT and TUG tests using a total energy of 30J per site |
| Ashrafi et al., 2020 [38] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 63.5 ± 14.3 | Low frequency electromagnetic field | 840 nm | 5 days | Combination therapy improved mRS, MMSE and Barthel’s index in stroke cases |
| Paolillo et al., 2022 [39] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 59 ± 11 | Neuromuscular electrical stimulation | 660, 808, 980 nm, 360 J/cm2 | 3 months (1/week) | Improved cognitive function, pain relief, greater manual dexterity, physical and social emotional health which lead to better quality of life and well-being |
| Dumont et al., 2022 [40] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 58.5 ± 10.04 | Static magnetic field |
905 nm, 0.054, 0.162, 0.271 J/cm2 640 nm, 1.27, 3.8, 6.35 J/cm2 875 nm, 1.48, 4.43, 7.41 J/cm2 |
4 weeks | Improvement was observed in the kinematic variable of the hip in the paretic and non-paretic limbs |
| da Silva et al., 2020 [41] | Nerve injury | Spinal cord injury | M, F / 36.3 ± 15.1 | Physiotherapy | 808 nm, 983 J/cm2, 4.72 W/cm2 | 4 weeks (3/week) | Leads to better sensory-motor recovery; Increased surface sensitivity, muscle strength, muscle contraction and quality of life |
6MWT, the 6-min walk test; AD Alzheimer’s disease, ADAS-Cog The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, BMI body mass index, dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, F Female, Hb Hemoglobin, M Male, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCa – B basic, Montreal Cognitive Assessment test for dementia, mRS modified Rankin scale, NM not mentioned, PD Parkinson’s disease, TUG Timed Up and Go test, UPDRS Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, vmPFC ventromedial prefrontal cortex, WHR waist–hip ratio