Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants.
| control | CGN | DM | AH | SLE | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 80 | 126 | 167 | 39 | 88 | |
| Biopsy, n | 0 (0.0%) | 65 (51.6%) | 5 (3.0%) | 2 (5.1%) | 35 (39.8%) | |
| Age (years) | 58.7±11.7 | 54.2±18.7 | 67.5±13.5*, † | 71.5±11.1*, † | 50.3±15.5*, ‡, § | <0.001 |
| Sex (M/F) | 45/35 | 64/62 | 113/54 | 36/3 | 12/76 | <0.001 |
| GFR grade, n | <0.001 | |||||
| 1 | 6 (7.5%) | 10 (8.3%) | 14 (8.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (17.2%) | |
| 2 | 74 (92.5%) | 27 (22.3%) | 58 (34.7%) | 4 (10.5%) | 35 (40.2%) | |
| 3 | 0 (0.0%) | 56 (46.3%) | 55 (32.9%) | 17 (44.7%) | 34 (39.1%) | |
| 4 | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (17.4%) | 23 (13.8%) | 15 (39.5%) | 2 (2.3%) | |
| 5 | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (5.8%) | 17 (10.2%) | 2 (5.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| eGFR | 74.7±10.5 | 51.1±25.7* | 51.3±26.5* | 35.3±16.5*, †, ‡ | 66.2±24.7*, †, ‡, § | <0.001 |
| U-TP (g/gCr) | 0.02 [0.00, 0.04] | 0.55 [0.34, 1.18] *, | 0.23 [0.08, 1.84] *, † | 0.44 [0.15, 1.24] *, | 0.22 [0.08, 0.72] *, † | <0.001 |
| S1P (nmol/mgCr) | 0.11 [0.00, 0.39] | 0.24 [0.13, 0.47] * | 0.62 [0.44, 1.44] *, † | 0.25 [0.14, 0.39] ‡ | 0.25 [0.09, 0.47] ‡ | <0.001 |
| dhS1P (nmol/mgCr) | 5.02 [0.00, 18.24] | 0.17 [0.00, 4.08] * | 3.30 [0.16, 7.54] | 0.00 [0.00, 6.27] *, ‡ | 1.26 [0.62, 2.51] | <0.001 |
| Sphingosine (ng/mgCr) | 0.47 [0.27, 0.95] | 1.26 [0.61, 2.47] * | 0.50 [0.17, 1.78] † | 0.96 [0.60, 2.22] * | 2.07 [1.24, 3.96] *, †, ‡, § | <0.001 |
| dhSph (ng/mgCr) | 0.14 [0.08, 0.23] | 0.39 [0.16, 1.16] * | 0.43 [0.25, 0.98] * | 0.39 [0.18, 1.56] * | 0.46 [0.25, 0.92] * | <0.001 |
| CER C16:0 (ng/mgCr) | 1.20 [0.53, 1.89] | 1.62 [1.05, 3.57] * | 0.79 [0.31, 3.01] † | 2.09 [1.21, 5.03] *, ‡ | 2.67 [1.58, 4.63] *, ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C18:0 (ng/mgCr) | 0.20 [0.10, 0.30] | 0.34 [0.18, 0.92] * | 0.16 [0.06, 0.71] † | 0.44 [0.26, 1.31] *, ‡ | 0.55 [0.30, 0.82] *, ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C18:1 (ng/mgCr) | 0.03 [0.02, 0.07] | 0.08 [0.03, 0.34] * | 0.04 [0.02, 0.14] | 0.08 [0.05, 0.55] *, ‡ | 0.14 [0.06, 0.27] *, ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C20:0 (ng/mgCr) | 0.52 [0.27, 1.14] | 0.46 [0.22, 1.17] | 0.24 [0.09, 1.21] | 1.00 [0.49, 1.89] ‡ | 0.50 [0.37, 1.01] ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C22:0 (ng/mgCr) | 0.98 [0.41, 1.87] | 0.75 [0.40, 2.47] | 0.29 [0.12, 1.42] *, † | 1.29 [0.59, 2.68] ‡ | 1.20 [0.84, 2.36] ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C24:0 (ng/mgCr) | 1.42 [0.59, 2.25] | 1.69 [0.98, 4.63] | 0.67 [0.28, 2.28] † | 1.58 [1.10, 4.65] ‡ | 3.44 [2.09, 5.20] *, †, ‡ | <0.001 |
| CER C16:0/C24:0 | 0.82 [0.68, 0.94] | 0.97 [0.69, 1.27] * | 1.07 [0.93, 1.24] * | 1.06 [0.75, 1.36] * | 0.80 [0.67, 1.06] ‡, § | <0.001 |
| CER C18:0/C16:0 | 0.18 [0.14, 0.24] | 0.20 [0.15, 0.27] | 0.19 [0.16, 0.22] | 0.21 [0.15, 0.26] | 0.19 [0.14, 0.24] | 0.596 |
| CER C18:0/C24:0 | 0.16 [0.12, 0.22] | 0.20 [0.12, 0.28] | 0.22 [0.18, 0.25] * | 0.21 [0.16, 0.28] * | 0.15 [0.12, 0.19] †, ‡, § | <0.001 |
| CER C18:1/C18:0 | 0.23 [0.13, 0.38] | 0.26 [0.14, 0.39] | 0.32 [0.20, 0.42] | 0.25 [0.16, 0.42] | 0.24 [0.16, 0.42] | 0.093 |
| CER C22:0/C20:0 | 1.55 [1.25, 2.15] | 1.83 [1.46, 2.22] | 1.16 [1.03, 1.55] *, † | 1.62 [1.07, 2.35] | 2.21 [1.78, 2.55] *, †, ‡, § | <0.001 |
| CER C24:0/C20:0 | 2.38 [1.76, 3.66] | 3.82 [2.32, 6.24] * | 3.04 [2.39, 3.70] † | 2.54 [1.51, 4.69] | 6.24 [3.88, 7.68] *, †, ‡, § | <0.001 |
Data was presented as mean±SD for age and eGFR, and median [interquartile range] for the other variables. Abbreviations: AH, arterial hypertension; CGN, chronic glomerulonephritis; CER, ceramide; dhS1P, dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate; dhSph, dihydrosphingosine; DM, diabetes mellitus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; S1P, sphingosine 1-phosphate; U-TP, urinary total protein.
*: P < 0.05 vs. control, †: P < 0.05 vs. chronic glomerulonephritis, ‡: P < 0.05 vs. diabetes mellitus, §: P < 0.05 vs. arterial hypertension.