Table 3.
Factors Affecting Total Direct Medical DR-Related Cost
| Variables | Mean ± SEM* or B Regression Coefficient ± SEM** | |
|---|---|---|
| Total Salary (JOD) | P value | |
| Sex* | ||
| Male | 1133.2 ± 136.1 | NS |
| Female | 1354.9 ± 156.2 | |
| Age (years)** | 3.44 ± 0.1 | NS |
| Type of DM treatment* | ||
| OHGA | 840.4 ± 116.5 | 0.0001 |
| Insulin-based regimen | 1611.6 ± 169.3 | |
| Duration of DM (years)** | 69.1 ± 10.2 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%)** | 239.1 ± 41.1 | 0.0001 |
| Diabetic nephropathy* | 2230.7 ± 441.1 | 0.009 |
| Lower limb ischemia* | 1603.5 ± 321.7 | NS |
| Method of presentation* | ||
| Screening | 575.1 ± 89.1 | 0.0001 |
| Decrease of vision | 1437.4 ± 112.3 | |
| Referral case | 3487.5 ± 130.5 | |
| Others | 1413.2 ± 113.6 | |
| Mean number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections** | 138.1 ± 78.2 | 0.001 |
| The mean number of laser sessions** | 301.9 ± 45.1 | 0.001 |
| Surgical operation of the right eye* | ||
| No operation | 665.8 ± 190.1 | 0.001 |
| Minor operations | 1595.2 ± 312.3 | |
| Major operations | 3345.8 ± 365.6 | |
| Surgical operation of the left eye* | ||
| No operation | 786.4 ± 67.1 | 0.001 |
| Minor operations | 1471.6 ± 114.6 | |
| Major operations | 3657.6 ± 567.1 | |
| Glaucoma* | ||
| No glaucoma | 1032.3 ± 81.2 | 0.001 |
| One eye | 2111.9 ± 256.4 | |
| Both eyes | 2476.1 ± 315.7 | |
| Duration of FU (months)** | 14.6 ± 9.1 | 0.001 |
| Number of FU visits** | 130.6 ± 89.1 | 0.001 |
| Presence of DME at presentation* | ||
| No DME | 871.9 ± 64.1 | 0.0001 |
| One eye | 2339.9 ± 157.3 | |
| Both eyes | 2728.3 ± 162.6 | |
| Worst stage of DR at presentation* | ||
| No DR | 497.6 ± 30.2 | 0.00001 |
| NPDR | 1440.6 ± 180.1 | |
| Low-risk PDR | 2014.2 ± 197.1 | |
| Advanced PDR | 2991.9 ± 202.1 | |
| Mean BCVA at presentation (LogMAR)** | 813.6 ± 183.1 | 0.001 |
Notes: *The statistical test used is ANOVA test and data presented in Mean with SEM. **The statistical test used is linear logistic regression test and data presented with B coefficient with SEM.
Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, diabetes mellitus; OHGA, oral hypoglycemic agents; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; FU, follow up; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity.