Table 4.
Factors Affecting the BCVA at the Last Follow-Up Visit
| Variables | Mean ± SEM* or B Regression Coefficient ± SEM** | |
|---|---|---|
| BCVA at Last Follow-Up (LogMAR) | P value | |
| Sex* | ||
| Male | 0.4657 ± 0.05 | NS |
| Female | 0.5260 ± 0.03 | |
| Age (years)** | 0.006 ± 0.004 | NS |
| Type of DM treatment* | ||
| OHGA | 0.2929 ± 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Insulin-based regimen | 0.6509 ± 0.06 | |
| Duration of DM (years)** | 0.028 ± 0.005 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%)** | 0.105 ± 0.02 | 0.001 |
| Diabetic nephropathy* | 0.9328 ± 0.03 | 0.001 |
| Lower limb ischemia* | 0.800 ± 0.01 | NS |
| Method of presentation* | ||
| Screening | 0.2234 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| Decrease of vision | 0.5579 ± 0.05 | |
| Referral case | 1.3500 ± 0.09 | |
| Others | 0.5804 ± 0.06 | |
| Mean number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections** | 0.031 ± 0.004 | 0.01 |
| The mean number of laser sessions** | 0.072 ± 0.002 | 0.01 |
| Surgical operation of the right eye* | ||
| No operation | 0.3927 ± 0.05 | 0.001 |
| Minor operations | 0.4318 ± 0.08 | |
| Major operations | 1.1462 ± 0.1 | |
| Surgical operation of the left eye* | ||
| No operation | 0.4425 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| Minor operations | 0.3135 ± 0.05 | |
| Major operations | 1.1833 ± 0.09 | |
| Glaucoma* | ||
| No glaucoma | 0.3633 ± 0.03 | 0.001 |
| One eye | 1.2255 ± 0.07 | |
| Both eyes | 1.200 ± 0.08 | |
| Duration of FU (months)** | 0.001 ± 0.002 | NS |
| Number of FU visits** | 0.022 ± 0.004 | 0.01 |
| Presence of DME at presentation* | ||
| No DME | 0.3529 ± 0.05 | 0.001 |
| One eye | 0.8875 ± 0.8 | |
| Both eyes | 1.0531 ± 0.1 | |
| Worst stage of DR at presentation* | ||
| No DR | 0.1693 ± 0.01 | 0.0001 |
| NPDR | 0.4838 ± 0.04 | |
| Low-risk PDR | 0.9403 ± 0.07 | |
| Advanced PDR | 1.1722 ± 0.2 | |
Notes: *The statistical test used is ANOVA test and data presented in Mean with SEM. **The statistical test used is linear logistic regression test and data presented with B coefficient with SEM.
Abbreviations: SEM, standard error of the mean; DM, diabetes mellitus; OHGA, oral hypoglycemic agents; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; FU, follow up; BCVA, best corrected visual acuity.