Table 2.

Open questions on stem cell therapy for degenerative disc disease

Open questions:
• Long-Term Survival: How can we improve long-term survival of stem cells in the avascular disc microenvironment?
• Mechanisms of Action: What precise molecular mechanisms underlie stem cell therapy’s therapeutic effects?
• Differentiation Potential: Can stem cells differentiation into disc-like cells be optimized or preconditioned for better outcomes?
• Clinical Efficacy: What additional clinical evidence is required to establish stem cell therapy’s efficacy?
• Translational Challenges: How can the complexities of laboratory success be effectively translated into clinical applications?
• Optimal Delivery: What methods ensure accurate stem cell delivery despite disc morphology challenges?
• Combination Therapies: How can stem cell therapy be combined with other treatments for enhanced regenerative potential?