Table 2.

Summary of antihypertensive bioactive compounds in celery and their mechanism of action.

Bioactive compound	Effect	Mechanism	Evidence
3-n-Butylphthalide	Antihypertension effect	(i) Voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channel blocking (ii) Decreasing oxidative stress and expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB (iii) Vasodilation (iv) Diuretics	[16, 28, 29]
Apigenin	Antihypertension effect	(i) Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ii) Blocking of calcium channel blocker	[25, 30]
Apium graveolens	Antihypertension effect	(i) Antagonist to calcium channel	[31]
D-limonene	Antihypertension effect	(i) Antioxidant	[32]
Linalool	Antihypertension effect	(i) Vasodilator	[26]
Luteolin	Antihypertension effect	(i) Inhibition of the proliferation and migration of angiotensin II	[27]
Plant parts
Celery juice	Antihypertension effect	(i) Receptor-operated calcium channel blocking	[33]
Leaf	Antihypertension effect	(i) Vasodilator	[17]
Seed	Antihypertension effect	(i) Calcium channel blocker (ii) Vasodilator (iii) Decreased heart rate	[15]
Root	Antihypertension effect	(i) Decrease level of angiotensin II	[34]

Abbreviations: IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B.