Table 4.

Resilience enhancement measures of higher education student.

Measures for resilience	Possible indicators	Effective ways of implementation	Sources
Online learning platforms	Increased student enrollment and engagement.	Create and install user-friendly learning management systems, and give the necessary training to teachers and students.	[50,51]
Financial assistance	Accommodate more students for scholarships, grants, or loans.	Create special funding and resources for students affected by natural disasters, and simplify the application process.	[46,50]
Flexible enrollment policies	Higher retention and enrollment rates among students impacted by disasters.	Admissions procedures and deadlines should be modified to accommodate students impacted by natural disasters. Deferred enrollment options should also be made available.	[52,53]
Mental health support	Increased utilization of counseling services and improved mental wellbeing.	Provide counseling services to students affected by a disaster by specialist, and put mental health initiatives in place to promote resilience.	[15,44]
Disaster preparedness training	Improved student and faculty awareness and preparedness.	Include lessons on disaster preparedness in the curriculum and schedule frequent faculty and student training sessions.	[54,55] [23]
Infrastructure resilience	Minimal disruption of educational facilities after a disaster.	Build and renovate educational facilities that can endure natural calamities and maintain them properly.	[27,42]
Collaborative programs with other institutions	Increased number of students participating in an exchange or collaborative programs.	Form alliances with other organizations to offer students to other learning opportunities.	[56] [23,57]