Extended Data Fig. 1. SDS induces local plasma membrane and cell wall damage in budding yeast.

(a) Wild type yeast cells were cultured in YPD incubated with or without 0.02% SDS for 3 hr, and then stained with 20 μg/ml calcofluor white for 5 min. The values under the images are % cells with spot signals. Mean(SD) of four independent experiments. n > 100 cells/each experiment. p < 0.001 by 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. Scale bar, 5 μm. (b) Wild type yeast cells were cultured at 25˚C under the microscope with 10 μg/ml calcofluor white and then laser damage was induced (yellow stars). Yellow arrows, calcofluor white signal accumulation. The numbers at the upper-left corner indicate time (min). Images were taken at 30 sec intervals. Scale bar, 2 μm. This experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. This experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. (c) Wild type yeast cells expressing Pkc1-GFP or Myo2-GFP were incubated with YPD containing 0.02% SDS for 30 min. The numbers at the lower-left corners indicate % of cells with a polarized GFP signal at the tip of daughter cells. n > 200.