Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the included studies.
| Reference, publication year [country] |
Study type | Sample size | Mean age | % Female | BMI classification (%) |
Participants’ condition | Pain scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barbieri et al. (29), 2020 [Brazil] | Clinical trial | 30 | 30.8 | 56.7 | 18.5-24.9 (50.0) 25.0-34.9 (50.0) |
Not specified (general population) | NRS |
| Basem et al. (36), 2020 [USA] | Observational, restrospective | 2509 | 59.0 | not provided | <18.5 (2.7) 25.0-29.9 (68.0) ≥30.0 (29.3) |
All chronic pains | NRS |
| Basen-Engquist et al. (31), 2009 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 112 | 59.9 | 100.0 | <25.0 (33.9) 25.0-29.9 (15.2) ≥30.0 (50.9) |
Endometrial cancer | NRS |
| Bond et al. (32), 2015 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 105 | 38.1 | 100.0 | 25.0-29.9 (not specified) ≥30.0 (not specified) |
Migraine | VAS |
| Castel et al. (33), 2014 [Spain] | Clinical trial | 130 | 49.2 | 100.0 | 18.5-24.9 (31.5) 25.0-29.9 (37.7) ≥30.0 (30.8) |
Fibromyalgia | NRS |
| Daentzer et al. (15), 2015 [Germany] | Observational, restrospective | 128 | 60.9 | 58.6 | <25.0 (35.2) 25.0-29.9 (36.7) ≥30.0 (28.1) |
Low back pain | VAS |
| Dong et al. (48), 2019 [Sweden] | Observational, retrospective | 872 | 45.8 | 80.3 | <18.5 (1.4) 18.5-24.9 (32.1) 25.0-29.9 (40.8) 30.0-34.9 (18.5) ≥35.0 (7.2) |
Non-malignant chronic pain | NRS |
| Dong et al. (40), 2020 [Sweden] | Cross-sectional | 3110 | 44.5 | 74.8 | <18.5 (1.5) 18.5-24.9 (37.5) 25.0-29.9 (35.8) 30.0-34.5 (17.4) ≥35.0 (7.8) |
Non-malignant chronic pain | NRS |
| Elsamadicy et al. (49), 2019 [USA] | Observational, restrospective | 112 | 52.4 | 72.3 | <30.0 (70.5) ≥30.0 (29.5) |
Spine deformity | NRS |
| Evanoff et al. (30), 2014 [France] | Observational, prospective | 9415 | 68.0 | 0.0 | <25.0 (inconsistent) 25.0-29.9 (inconsistent) ≥30.0 (inconsistent) |
Not specified (general population) | NRS (1–8) |
| Ferreira et al. (38), 2021 [Brazil] | Cross-sectional | 100 | 24.1 | 60.0 | <18.5 (0.0) 18.5-24.9 (62.0) 25.0-29.9 (24.0) ≥30.0 (14.0) |
Knee pain | VAS |
| Haebich et al. (51), 2020 [Australia] | Observational, prospective | 191 | 68.0 | 56.5 | <30.0 (59.2) ≥30.0 (40.8) |
Hip pain | NRS |
| Hozumi et al. (41), 2016 [Japan] | Cross-sectional | 44 | 60.0 | 32.7 | 18.5-24.9 (68.2) ≥25.0 (31.8) |
Neuropathic pain | NRS |
| Li et al. (42), 2018 [China] | Cross-sectional | 6524 | 71.1 | 56.5 | <18.5 (4.6) 18.5-23.9 (50.1) 24.0-29.9 (36.0) ≥30.0 (9.3) |
Not specified (general population ≥60) | NRS |
| Mangwani et al. (52), 2010 [UK] | Observational, prospective | 140 | 38.0 | 37.9 | <25.0 (47.9) 25.0-29.9 (31.4) ≥30.0 (20.7) |
Low back pain | VAS |
| Marcus et al. (53), 2004 [USA] | Observational, prospective | 372 | 46.4 | 63.4 | <25.0 (36.8) 25.0-30.0 (27.2) ≥30.0 (36.0) |
Mixed chronic pain | NRS |
| Mauck et al. (37), 2019 [USA] | Observational, prospective | 963 | Not specified (18–65) | 57.4 | 18.5-24.9 (40.2) 25.0-29.9 (30.7) 30.0-34.9 (16.8) ≥35.0 (12.3) |
Motor vehicle collision | NRS |
| McCarthy et al. (39), 2009 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 840 | 80.5 | 62.4 | <18.5 18.5-24.9 25.0-29.9 30.0-34.9 ≥35.0 |
Not specified (general population ≥70) | NRS |
| Mekhail et al. (50), 2018 [USA] | Observational, restrospective | 181 | 55.0 | 55.8 | <25.0 (18.2) 25.0-29.9 (39.8) 30.0-39.9 (34.8) ≥40.0 (7.2) |
Chronic spine-related conditions | NRS |
| Mohd Sallehuddin et al. (34), 2018 [Malaysia] | Cross-sectional | 156 | not specified (18–59) | 100.0 | 25.0-29.9 (50) 30.0-35.0 (30.8) ≥35.0 (19.2) |
Not specified (housewives) | VAS |
| Okifuji et al. (43), 2010 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 215 | 45.3 | 94.9 | <18.5 (1.9) 18.5-24.9 (21.8) 25.0-29.9 (29.8) ≥30.0 (46.5) |
Fibromyalgia | VAS NRS |
| Özkuk et al. (44), 2020 [Turkey] | Cross-sectional | 191 | 58.7 | 75.4 | 18.5-24.9 (20.4) 25.0-29.9 (37.2) ≥30.0 (42.4) |
Chronic shoulder pain | VAS |
| Pudalov et al. (27), 2021 [USA] | Observational, restrospective | 714 | 47.6 | 68.8 | 18.5-24.9 (22.5) 25.0-29.9 (27.3) ≥30.0 (50.2) |
Chronic non-malignant pain | NRS |
| Rohrer et al. (28), 2008 [USA] | Observational, restrospective | 577 | not provided | 63.2 | <25.0 (30.3) 25.0-29.9 (31.4) 30.0-34.5 (21.8) ≥35.0 (16.5) |
Not specified (clinical center) | NRS |
| Sellinger et al. (55), 2010 [USA] | Observational, combined restrospective and prospective | 74 | 58.2 | 10.8 | <30.0 (43.2) >30.0 (56.8) |
Chronic low back pain (Veterans) | NRS |
| Sorimachi et al. (54), 2016 [Finland] | Observational, prospective | 805 | 61.0 | 67.6 | <25.0 (25.4) 25.0-29.9 (45.3) ≥30.0 (29.3) |
Spinal fusion surgery | VAS |
| Steele et al. (35), 2019 [Australia] | Cross-sectional | 378 | 45.6 | 100.0 | 18.5-24.9 (43.1) 25.0-29.9 (27.3) ≥30.0 (29.6) |
Not specified (general population) | VAS |
| Vincent et al. (45), 2010 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 278 | 37.4 | 43.5 | <25.0 (27.0) 25.0-29.9 (33.8) 30.0-39.9 (26.3) ≥40.0 (12.9) |
Knee pain | NRS |
| Vincent et al. (10), 2013 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 55 | 67.8 | 65.5 | 25.0-29.9 (30.9) 30.0-34.9 (47.3) ≥35.0 (21.8) |
Chronic low back pain | NRS |
| White et al. (46), 2012 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 1788 | 67.2 | 60.0 | <25.0 (15.0) 25.0-29.9 (36.0) 30.0-34.9 (29.0) ≥35.0 (20.0) |
Knee osteoarthritis | VAS |
| Zettel-Watson et al. (47), 2011 [USA] | Cross-sectional | 101 | 52.1 | 80.2 | 25.0-29.5 (28.7) 30.0-39.5 (53.5) ≥40.0 (17.8) |
Chronic pain (hispanic) | NRS |
BMI, body mass index; NRS, numerical rating scale; VAS, visual analogue scale.