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. 2024 Mar 19;14:6646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56766-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of nicotine CVE on operant sucrose self-administration. Acquisition of operant self-administration of sucrose pellets was evaluated during daily 2-h sessions immediately following the last vapor exposure for nicotine CVE (NIC), vehicle CVE (VEH), or air controls (AIR). Output measures included (A) active nose pokes during each of the first 9 sessions, (B) response accuracy during each of the first 9 sessions, (C) mean time between the delivery and retrieval of the pellet during each of the first 9 sessions, (D) number of sessions until reaching the criteria for goal-directed responding (acquisition), and (E) the total number of pellets retrieved during the session that acquisition was achieved. Data expressed as mean ± s.e.m., and statistical significance indicated by *p < 0.05. n = 17–20 per group.