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. 2024 Mar 19;14:6646. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56766-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of nicotine CVE abstinence on sucrose motivation. Motivation for sucrose was evaluated using the progressive ratio test (PRT) and the quinine test (QT), where sucrose pellets were adulterated with 0.44% quinine. Output measures for PRT included (A) breakpoint at the end of the session (4 h) and (B) Response accuracy expressed as the percentage of correct nose pokes. Response to altered taste preference during QT included (C) number of quinine-adulterated sucrose pellets consumed, (D) the number of active nose pokes, (E) response accuracy, and (F) inactive nose pokes. Data expressed as mean ± s.e.m., and statistical significance indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. n = 17–20 per group.