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. 2023 Aug 31;9(4):215–229. doi: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230008

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Example of the AWI adsorption problem in cryoEM. A Negative stain EM micrograph of purified human ClC-1 protein particles, showing intact particles and optimal particle distribution prior to vitrification. B CryoEM micrograph of frozen-hydrated human ClC-1 protein particles across a holey carbon film, showing the typical aggregation and deformation problem occurring at the AWI in the absence of adequate surfactant