TABLE 1.
A selected list of models of EoP to demonstrate the breadth of species and insult being explored and finding changes in glia.
| Insult | Human cohort Eq. | Approx. human age Eq. | Species | Age at injury | Microgliosis | Astrogliosis | WMI | Oligo. dysmat‐uration | Oligo death or loss | Axonapathy | Interneuronopathy | Altered neuronal microstructure | Reduced gyrification | Behavioural defects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitotoxicity | Hypoxia, ischemia, excessive inflammation | 32wGA | Mouse | P5 | Yes | Yes | Yes (focal) | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | NA | No | (Dommergues et al., 2000; Marret et al., 1995) |
| Hyperoxia | Suboptimal ventilation | 28‐38wGA | Mouse | P3‐5, P6‐8 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | NA | Yes | (Brehmer et al., 2012; Ritter et al., 2013; Schmitz et al., 2011) |
| Hypoxia ischemia (prenatal) | Placental abruption, HIE | 28wGA | Sheep | 105dGA (150d = term) | Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse and focal | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Davidson et al., 2021; Gussenhoven et al., 2021; Jisa et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016) |
| Hypoxia Ischemia (postnatal) | Placental abruption, HIE | 24‐37wGA |
Mouse Rat |
P2‐5 P2‐7 |
Yes | Yes | Yes (focal) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | (Albertsson et al., 2014; McQuillen et al., 2003) |
| Chronic hypoxia (postnatal) | Poor ventilation, poor lung function (BPD) | 32‐36wGA |
Mouse Ferret |
P6‐8 P10‐20 |
Yes | Yes | Yes (decreased WM volumes) | Yes | No | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | ? | (Jablonska et al., 2012; Scafidi et al., 2014; Tao et al., 2012) |
| Intermittent hypoxia | Apnea of prematurity | 24‐40wGA |
Mouse Rat |
P2‐10 P2‐P14 |
Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse) | Yes | No | Yes | ? ( inflamm‐ation) | Yes | NA | Yes | (Cai et al., 2012; Darnall et al., 2017; Juliano et al., 2015) |
| Prematurity itself and ventilation | Preterm ventilated | 28wGA | Baboon | 125dGA (180d = term) | NA | Yes | Yes (decreased WM volume) | NA | NA | NA | Yes | NA | Yes | NA | (Loeliger et al., 2006; Verney, Rees, et al., 2010) |
| Reactive astrogliosis (organotypic brain slice) | Chorio‐amnionitis, sepsis | 23wGA onwards |
Mouse Rat |
P1 | Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse) | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? | NA | NA | (Dean et al., 2011; Miron et al., 2010) |
| Systemic inflammatory exposure (intraamniotic) | Chorio‐amnionitis | 30‐35wGA | Sheep |
110‐125dGA (150d = term) |
Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse + small foci) | Yes | No (except longest exp.) | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Gussenhoven et al., 2018; Kuypers et al., 2013; Ophelders et al., 2016) |
| Systemic inflammatory exposure (prenatal intravenous) | Chorio‐amnionitis, sepsis | 28wGA | Sheep |
105d GA (150d = term) |
Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse + range of focal lesions) | Yes | Not consistently | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | (Galinsky, Dhillon, et al., 2020; Yawno et al., 2013) |
| Systemic inflammatory exposure (postnatal) | Chorio‐amnionitis |
23‐32wGA 28‐40wGA |
Mouse |
P1‐P5 P3‐P11 |
Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse) |
Yes |
No | Yes | Yes | Yes | NA | Yes | (Du et al., 2011; Favrais et al., 2011; Schang et al., 2014) |
| Systemic inflammatory exposure (intrauterine) plus postnatal hypoxia | Chorio‐amnionitis and perinatal hypoxia | 20wGA + 30wGA | Rat |
E18 (LPS) P4 (Hypoxia) |
Yes | Yes | Yes (diffuse) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | (Vaes et al., 2020; Vaes et al., 2021) |
Note: Shaded areas correspoind to “yes”. Non shaded areas correspond to “no” or “NA”.
Abbreviations: “?” unknown; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Chorio, chorioamnionitis; Eq., equivalent; HI, hypoxia ischemia; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NA, not applicable; P, postnatal day; SI, systemic inflammation; wGA, weeks gestational age.