Table 2.
Medications administered to patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty before and after propensity score matching for the modified‐ and immediate‐release opioid or the immediate‐release opioid only groups. Values are number (proportion) or median (IQR [range]).
| Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MR ± IR opioids | IR opioids only | SMD | MR ± IR opioids | IR opioids only | SMD | |
| n = 1992 | n = 544 | n = 347 | n = 347 | |||
| Total pre‐operative opioid use | 1067 (53.6%) | 224 (41.2%) | 0.26 | 121 (34.9%) | 122 (35.2%) | 0.00 |
| Pre‐operative MR opioid use | 836 (42%) | 25 (4.6%) | 0.78 | 24 (6.9%) | 24 (6.9%) | 0.00 |
| Pre‐operative IR opioid use | 952 (47.8%) | 219 (40.3%) | 0.16 | 119 (34.3%) | 117 (33.7%) | 0.00 |
| Inpatient medication use | ||||||
| Opioid analgesics, daily MME | 33.3 (19.3–53.2 [1.0–296.3]) | 11.7 (6.0–21.3 [0.1–285.7]) | 0.68 | 18.8 (11.1–30.6 [0.1–296.3]) | 14.0 (7.5–26.3 [0.1–285.7]) | 0.03 |
| MR opioid use | 1992 (100%) | N/A | N/A | 347 (100%) | N/A | N/A |
| Buprenorphine | 35 (1.8%) | N/A | 0.17 | 6 (1.7%) | N/A | N/A |
| Fentanyl | 9 (0.5%) | N/A | 0.00 | 1 (0.3%) | N/A | N/A |
| Tramadol | 104 (5.2%) | N/A | 0.25 | 23 (6.6%) | N/A | N/A |
| Morphine | 11 (0.6%) | N/A | 0.15 | 2 (0.6%) | N/A | N/A |
| Tapentadol | 461 (23.1%) | N/A | 0.60 | 62 (17.9%) | N/A | N/A |
| Oxycodone (total) | 1503 (75.5%) | N/A | 1.53 | 274 (79%) | N/A | N/A |
| Oxycodone alone | 104 (5.2%) | N/A | 0.25 | 14 (4%) | N/A | N/A |
| Oxycodone with naloxone | 1419 (71.2%) | N/A | 1.43 | 261 (75.2%) | N/A | N/A |
| IR opioid use | 1849 (92.8%) | 544 (100%) | 0.30 | 332 (95.7%) | 347 (100%) | N/A |
| Buprenorphine | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Codeine | 23 (1.2%) | 14 (2.6%) | 0.17 | 5 (1.4%) | 8 (2.3%) | 0.07 |
| Fentanyl | 160 (8%) | 44 (8.1%) | 0.00 | 32 (9.2%) | 31 (8.9%) | 0.00 |
| Hydromorphone | 32 (1.6%) | 20 (3.7%) | 0.14 | 10 (2.9%) | 10 (2.9%) | 0.00 |
| Tramadol | 117 (5.9%) | 29 (5.3%) | 0.04 | 23 (6.6%) | 22 (6.3%) | 0.04 |
| Morphine | 258 (13%) | 44 (8.1%) | 0.15 | 40 (11.5%) | 31 (8.9%) | 0.09 |
| Methadone | 8 (0.4%) | 10 (1.8%) | 0.24 | 3 (0.9%) | 5 (1.4%) | 0.00 |
| Tapentadol | 276 (13.9%) | 122 (22.4%) | 0.22 | 57 (16.4%) | 53 (15.3%) | 0.03 |
| Oxycodone | 1726 (86.6%) | 476 (87.5%) | 0.00 | 316 (91.1%) | 307 (88.5%) | 0.09 |
| Paracetamol | 1984 (99.6%) | 543 (99.8%) | 0.00 | 346 (99.7%) | 346 (99.7%) | 0.00 |
| NSAIDs | 1017 (51.1%) | 253 (46.5%) | 0.08 | 167 (48.1%) | 164 (47.3%) | 0.02 |
| COX‐2 inhibitors | 575 (28.9%) | 145 (26.7%) | 0.04 | 93 (26.8%) | 94 (27.1%) | 0.00 |
| Benzodiazepines | 168 (8.4%) | 44 (8.1%) | 0.00 | 25 (7.2%) | 31 (8.9%) | 0.07 |
| Gabapentinoids | 282 (14.2%) | 55 (10.1%) | 0.12 | 44 (12.7%) | 37 (10.7%) | 0.06 |
| Total laxative use | 1637 (82.2%) | 420 (77.2%) | 0.13 | 278 (80.1%) | 275 (79.3%) | 0.02 |
| Softener laxatives | 22 (1.1%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.10 | 4 (1.2%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0.00 |
| Bulk‐forming laxatives | 1595 (80.1%) | 388 (71.3%) | 0.22 | 254 (73.2%) | 256 (73.8%) | 0.02 |
| Osmotic laxatives | 1607 (80.7%) | 409 (75.2%) | 0.15 | 271 (78.1%) | 268 (77.2%) | 0.02 |
| Stimulant laxatives | 1797 (90.2%) | 463 (85.1%) | 0.16 | 303 (87.3%) | 302 (87%) | 0.00 |
MR, modified‐release; IR, immediate‐release; SMD, absolute standardised mean difference; MME, oral morphine milligram equivalents; N/A, not applicable; NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; COX‐2, cyclo‐oxygenase‐2.