Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics according to age and sex
| Characteristic | All (N=13 026) |
Age | Sex | ||||
| <65 years (n=5889) |
65–74 years (n=5221) | ≥75 years (n=1916) | Male (n=9088) |
Premenopausal female (n=323) |
Postmenopausal female (n=3615) |
||
| Age, years, mean±SD | 64.8±9.5 | 56.4±6.6 | 69.2±2.8 | 78.4±3.1 | 64.8±9.5 | 45.1±4.9 | 66.3±8.0 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 3938 (30.2) | 1839 (31.2) | 1501 (28.7) | 598 (31.2) | 0 | 323 (100) | 3615 (100) |
| Male | 9088 (69.8) | 4050 (68.8) | 3720 (71.3) | 1318 (68.8) | 9088 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||||
| Asian | 2894 (22.2) | 1591 (27.0) | 997 (19.1) | 306 (16.0) | 2136 (23.5) | 87 (26.9) | 671 (18.6) |
| Black/African American | 522 (4.0) | 309 (5.2) | 160 (3.1) | 53 (2.8) | 284 (3.1) | 37 (11.5) | 201 (5.6) |
| White | 8869 (68.1) | 3592 (61.0) | 3817 (73.1) | 1460 (76.2) | 6231 (68.6) | 167 (51.7) | 2471 (68.4) |
| Other* | 741 (5.7) | 397 (6.7) | 247 (4.7) | 97 (5.1) | 437 (4.8) | 32 (9.9) | 272 (7.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 136.7±14.2 | 135.6±14.0 | 137.4±14.2 | 138.4±14.6 | 136.8±14.2 | 133.0±14.0 | 136.9±14.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 76.4±9.6 | 78.8±9.1 | 74.9±9.4 | 72.8±9.8 | 76.5±9.7 | 80.1±8.4 | 75.6±9.5 |
| Duration of diabetes, years, mean (SD) | 15.4±8.7 | 13.5±7.6 | 16.4±8.6 | 18.6±10.4 | 15.3±8.5 | 10.6±7.0 | 16.0±9.1 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 7.7±1.4 | 7.9±1.5 | 7.6±1.3 | 7.4±1.2 | 7.6±1.3 | 8.2±1.7 | 7.9±1.4 |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.4±0.4 | 4.4±0.5 | 4.4±0.4 | 4.4±0.4 | 4.3±0.4 | 4.3±0.4 | 4.4±0.4 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 57.6±21.7 | 64.3±24.0 | 53.5±18.5 | 48.1±15.1 | 57.7±21.2 | 77.0±28.9 | 55.6±21.3 |
| UACR, mg/g, median (Q1–Q3) | 514.68 (197.8–1147.1) | 650.48 (315.2–1363.5) | 438.63 (154.1–1030.7) | 332.29 (107.8–830.5) | 511.53 (200.9–1130.1) | 793.52 (376.6–1547.3) | 501.47 (173.6–1149.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.3±6.0 | 32.0±6.4 | 31.1±5.7 | 29.6±5.0 | 31.0±5.6 | 34.1±7.9 | 32.0±6.6 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2093 (16.1) | 1283 (21.8) | 686 (13.1) | 124 (6.5) | 1730 (19.0) | 35 (10.8) | 328 (9.1) |
| History of CV disease, present, n (%) | 5935 (45.6) | 2188 (37.2) | 2667 (51.1) | 1080 (56.4) | 4374 (48.1) | 56 (17.3) | 1505 (41.6) |
| History of heart failure | 1007 (7.7) | 413 (7.0) | 432 (8.3) | 162 (8.5) | 630 (6.9) | 22 (6.8) | 355 (9.8) |
| History of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter | 1106 (8.5) | 266 (4.5) | 547 (10.5) | 293 (15.3) | 867 (9.5) | 0 | 239 (6.6) |
| Baseline medications, n (%)† | |||||||
| RAS inhibitors (ACEis/ARBs) | 13 003 (99.8) | 5876 (99.8) | 5213 (99.8) | 1914 (99.9) | 9069 (99.8) | 323 (100.0) | 3611 (99.9) |
| Beta-blockers | 6504 (49.9) | 2619 (44.5) | 2849 (54.6) | 1036 (54.1) | 4545 (50.0) | 111 (34.4) | 1848 (51.1) |
| Diuretics | 6710 (51.5) | 2790 (47.4) | 2813 (53.9) | 1107 (57.8) | 4706 (51.8) | 137 (42.4) | 1867 (51.6) |
| Statins | 9399 (72.2) | 4033 (68.5) | 3920 (75.1) | 1446 (75.5) | 6696 (73.7) | 203 (62.8) | 2500 (69.2) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 7358 (56.5) | 3127 (53.1) | 3052 (58.5) | 1179 (61.5) | 5208 (57.3) | 149 (46.1) | 2001 (55.4) |
| Insulin | 7630 (58.6) | 3637 (61.8) | 3020 (57.8) | 973 (50.8) | 5203 (57.3) | 193 (59.8) | 2234 (61.8) |
| GLP-1RA | 944 (7.2) | 492 (8.4) | 378 (7.2) | 74 (3.9) | 676 (7.4) | 30 (9.3) | 238 (6.6) |
| SGLT-2i | 877 (6.7) | 517 (8.8) | 289 (5.5) | 71 (3.7) | 671 (7.4) | 36 (11.1) | 170 (4.7) |
*Other: included American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, not reported, multiple.
†Analysis allowed multiple drug groups for the same drug.
ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; Q, quartile; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.