Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by lifestyle categories among 24,453 US adults in NHANES (2007–2018)
| Lifestyle categories, n (weighted %) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total | Healthy diet and physically active | Healthy diet but physically inactive | Unhealthy diet and physically inactive | Unhealthy diet but physically active | P value |
| Hypertension | 10,938(38.5) | 3001(33.1) | 2731(50.0) | 2653(47.6) | 2553(32.7) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years), mean (95% CI) | 48.2(47.6,48.7) | 48.2(47.3,49.1) | 56.1(55.3,56.9) | 50.6(49.8,51.4) | 42.6(41.9,43.2) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 12,204(50.1) | 3893(49.6) | 1845(36.0) | 2263(44.5) | 4203(61.4) | |
| Female | 12,249(49.9) | 3685(50.4) | 3087(64.0) | 2769(55.5) | 2708(38.6) | |
| Races/ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 10,513(66.8) | 3257(69.4) | 1899(62.6) | 2198(65.2) | 3159(67.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 5249(11.1) | 1383(8.7) | 1005(10.6) | 1296(14.4) | 1565(11.9) | |
| Mexican American | 3469(8.5) | 1047(7.5) | 755(9.0) | 717(8.5) | 950(9.2) | |
| Other Race | 5222(13.7) | 1891(14.4) | 1273(17.7) | 821(11.9) | 1237(11.8) | |
| Educations Levels | < 0.001 | |||||
| Below high school | 5643(14.8) | 1296(9.8) | 1359(17.9) | 1520(21.6) | 1468(14.6) | |
| High School | 5601(22.9) | 1330(17.0) | 1074(21.3) | 1321(28.3) | 1876(26.9) | |
| College/Above | 13,184(62.2) | 4946(73.3) | 2491(60.8) | 2185(50.0) | 3562(58.5) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 13,642(56.4) | 4691(61.3) | 2983(60.1) | 2484(51.0) | 3484(52.4) | |
| Former | 6172(25.2) | 2011(27.3) | 1374(29.1) | 1263(23.2) | 1524(22.0) | |
| Now | 4627(18.4) | 871(11.4) | 574(10.8) | 1281(25.8) | 1901(25.6) | |
| Alcohol drinker | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 3210(10.4) | 940(10.0) | 926(16.9) | 692(12.3) | 652(9.1) | |
| Former | 3721(12.3) | 879(9.8) | 901(16.6) | 1033(19.0) | 908(11.8) | |
| Now | 15,480(69.9) | 5210(80.2) | 2633(66.5) | 2822(68.7) | 4815(79.1) | |
| Marital | < 0.001 | |||||
| Widowed or divorced or separated | 5513(18.1) | 1422(15.2) | 1475(24.6) | 1365(22.1) | 1251(15.4) | |
| Never married | 4252(18.5) | 1279(18.0) | 502(11.1) | 779(14.9) | 1692(25.2) | |
| Married or living with a partner | 14,678(63.4) | 4874(66.8) | 2953(64.3) | 2886(63.0) | 3965(59.4) | |
| Poverty, mean (95% CI) | 3.0(2.9,3.1) | 3.4(3.3,3.5) | 3.0(2.9,3.1) | 2.7(2.6,2.8) | 2.9(2.8,2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 17,274(69.2) | 5164(66.4) | 3748(74.9) | 3783(75.3) | 4579(65.5) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 3754(11.2) | 887(8.3) | 1133(17.4) | 1003(15.4) | 731(8.4) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (95% CI) | 29.1(28.9,29.3) | 27.8(27.6,28.0) | 29.8(29.5,30.2) | 30.7(30.3,31.0) | 29.3(29.0,29.5) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (95% CI) |
194.0 (193.0,195.1) |
194.6 (193.0,196.3) |
195.2 (193.0,197.3) |
194.5 (192.6,196.5) |
192.4 (190.6,194.2) |
0.1 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl), mean (95% CI) | 53.0(52.6,53.5) | 56.2(55.5,56.9) | 54.1(53.4,54.9) | 50.4(49.7,51.1) | 50.6(50.0,51.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hei-2015, (Score), mean (95% CI) | 54.1(53.7,54.6) | 65.5(65.2,65.9) | 63.9(63.6,64.3) | 43.2(42.9,43.5) | 43.2(42.9,43.5) | < 0.001 |
| Hei-2015 levels, (Score) | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 53.5 | 11,943(49.9) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 5032(100.0) | 6911(100.0) | |
| ≥ 53.5 | 12,510(50.1) | 7578(100.0) | 4932(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | |
| PA, Met-minutes/week, mean (95% CI) |
3638.4 (3503.8,3773.0) |
4734.7 (4521.3,4948.2) |
127.0 (117.6, 136.4) |
118.0 (109.3, 126.6) |
6436.7 (6146.8,6726.5) |
< 0.001 |
| Physical activity levels, (Met-minutes/week) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Inactive (< 600) | 9964(35.3) | 0(0.0) | 4932(100.0) | 5032(100.0) | 0(0.0) | |
| Increased PA (≥ 600) | 14,489(64.7) | 7578(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 6911(100.0) | |
Numbers (n) in the table were unweighted
Percentages or mean (95% CI) were estimated using US population weights.Race/ethnicity was determined using preferred terminology from the National Center for Health Statistics as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American. Mexican–American individuals were oversampled rather than broader groups of individuals from Latin America. Other include Asian, other Hispanic, Alaskan native, and multiracial individuals
Abbreviations: N Number, Met Metabolic equivalent, BMI, Body mass index, HEI Healthy Eating Index, PA Physical activity