Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the gallstones group versus the no-gallstones group.
| Characteristics | Overall, N = 4,841 | Gallstones, N = 413 | No gallstones, N= 4,428 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 2,277 (47.04%) | 101 (24.46%) | 2,176 (49.14%) | |
| Female | 2,564 (52.96%) | 312 (75.54%) | 2,252 (50.86%) | |
| Age | 44 (32, 58) | 52 (39, 64) | 43 (31, 57) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 632 (13.06%) | 59 (14.29%) | 573 (12.94%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,664 (34.37%) | 174 (42.13%) | 1,490 (33.65%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,255 (25.92%) | 81 (19.61%) | 1,174 (26.51%) | |
| Other Races | 1,290 (26.65%) | 99 (23.97%) | 1,191 (26.90%) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.823 | |||
| Grades 0–12 | 802 (16.57%) | 72 (17.43%) | 730 (16.49%) | |
| High school graduate/GED | 1,172 (24.21%) | 102 (24.70%) | 1,070 (24.16%) | |
| Some college or above | 2,867 (59.22%) | 239 (57.87%) | 2,628 (59.35%) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married/Living with Partner | 2,788 (57.59%) | 254 (61.50%) | 2,534 (57.23%) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 903 (18.65%) | 95 (23.00%) | 808 (18.25%) | |
| Unmarried | 1,150 (23.76%) | 64 (15.50%) | 1,086 (24.53%) | |
| PIR, n (%) | 0.495 | |||
| <2 | 1,944 (40.16%) | 161 (38.98%) | 1,783 (40.27%) | |
| ≥2 | 2,305 (47.61%) | 207 (50.12%) | 2,098 (47.38%) | |
| Unclear | 592 (12.23%) | 45 (10.90%) | 547 (12.35%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,625 (33.57%) | 199 (48.18%) | 1,426 (32.20%) | |
| No | 3,216 (66.43%) | 214 (51.82%) | 3,002 (67.80%) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 468 (9.67%) | 72 (17.43%) | 396 (8.94%) | |
| No | 4,373 (90.33%) | 341 (82.57%) | 4,032 (91.06%) | |
| Fatty liver, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,962 (61.19%) | 200 (48.43%) | 2,762 (62.38%) | |
| Mild | 699 (14.44%) | 74 (17.92%) | 625 (14.11%) | |
| Severe | 1,180 (24.38%) | 139 (33.66%) | 1,041 (23.51%) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.062 | |||
| Current smokers | 952 (19.67%) | 77 (18.64%) | 875 (19.76%) | |
| Former smokers | 958 (19.79%) | 100 (24.21%) | 858 (19.38%) | |
| Never smokers | 2,931 (60.55%) | 236 (57.14%) | 2,695 (60.86%) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Heavy | 1,657 (34.23%) | 109 (26.39%) | 1,548 (34.96%) | |
| Moderate | 483 (9.98%) | 44 (10.65%) | 439 (9.91%) | |
| Mild | 843 (17.41%) | 72 (17.43%) | 771 (17.41%) | |
| Never | 1,858 (38.38%) | 188 (45.52%) | 1,670 (37.71%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 (24, 33) | 32 (27, 38) | 28 (24, 33) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.19 (0.84, 1.73) | 1.34 (0.95, 1.82) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.72) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.60) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.58) | 1.32 (1.09, 1.63) | 0.626 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.76 (4.16, 5.43) | 4.76 (4.19, 5.43) | 4.76 (4.16, 5.43) | 0.689 |
| ALT (U/L) | 17 (13, 25) | 17 (13, 25) | 17 (13, 25) | 0.837 |
| AST (U/L) | 19 (16, 24) | 19 (15, 23) | 19 (16, 24) | 0.064 |
| GGT(IU/L) | 20 (14, 31) | 20 (15, 33) | 20 (14, 31) | 0.255 |
| Protein intake (g) | 73 (55, 97) | 64 (49, 85) | 74 (55, 98) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 225 (167, 301) | 214 (154, 279) | 226 (168, 303) | 0.002 |
| Fat intake (g) | 77 (55, 107) | 71 (53, 99) | 78 (55, 107) | 0.006 |
| Water intake (g) | 2,558 (1,889, 3,408) | 2,415 (1,790, 3,313) | 2,567 (1,896, 3,414) | 0.046 |
| Magnesium intake(mg) | 275 (201, 376) | 260 (184, 345) | 277 (202, 379) | <0.001 |
| Calcium intake(mg) | 799 (554, 1,116) | 793 (536, 1,052) | 801 (555, 1,121) | 0.205 |
| Iron intake(mg) | 12 (9, 16) | 11 (8, 15) | 12 (9, 17) | <0.001 |
| Zinc intake(mg) | 9.2 (6.7, 12.7) | 8.2 (6.1, 11.4) | 9.3 (6.7, 12.8) | <0.001 |
| AIP | -0.06 (-0.26, 0.16) | -0.01 (-0.19, 0.20) | -0.06 (-0.27, 0.16) | <0.001 |
Median (IQR) for continuous variables; N (%) for categorical variables
Abbreviations: PIR Ratio of household income to poverty, GED General equivalency diploma, BMI Body mass index, TG Triglyceride, HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC Total cholesterol, ALT Alanine Aminotransferase, AST Aspartate Aminotransferase, GGT Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; AIP Atherogenic index of plasma