Table 2.
The association observed between human hypertension, gut microbiota and various interventions
| References | Model | Intervention | Taxa positively associated with BP | Taxa negatively associated with BP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Munukka et al., 2012 | 74 premenopausal women and 11 healthy females | NA |
Genera
:
Proportion of Eubacterium rectale- Clostridium coccoides (compared to nonmetabolic disorder group and normal-weight women group) |
NA |
| Queipo-Ortuño et al., 2012 | 10 healthy male volunteers | Red wine polyphenols and ethanol |
Genera
:
Enterococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides uniformis, Eggerthella lenta, Blautia coccoides-E. rectale groups |
NA |
| Gomez-Arango et al., 2016 | 86 overweight versus 119 obese women | 16 weeks gestation | NA |
Genera
:
Blautia, Odoribacter, families Odoribacteraceae Clostridiaceae Christensenellaceae. (More blood pressure in obese women) |
| Li et al., 2017 | 41 healthy controls, 56 pre-hypertensives, 99 primary hypertensives | Fecal microbiota transplant |
Genera
:
Prevotella, Klebsiella, Porphyromonas, Actinomyces, Desulfovibrio, Fusobacterium |
Genera
:
Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Butyrivibrio, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Blautia |
| Yan et al., 2017 | 60 primary hypertensives and 60 controls | NA |
Genera
:
Klebsiella, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Eggerthella, Salmonella Phylum : Proteobacteria |
Genera
:
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia and Synergistetes
Phylum : Actinobacteria |
| Wilck et al., 2017 | 12 healthy males | Dietary salt | NA |
Genera
:
Lactobacillus spp. |
| de la Cuesta-Zuluaga et al., 2018 | 441 men and women | Fecal SCFA excretion |
Genera:
Enterobacter hormaechei, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Streptococcus, SMB53 |
NA |
| Kim et al., 2018 | 22 hypertensives and 18 reference cohorts | NA |
Genera
:
Alistipes finegoldii, Dorea, Alistipes indistinctus |
Genera
:
E. rectale, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Klebsiella, Burkholderiales bacterium, Burkholderiales noname, Paraprevotella xylaniphila, Bacteroides salyerside, Veillonella, Paraprevotella clara, Ruminococccus callidus |
| Liu et al., 2018 | 94 hypertensives and 94 healthy controls | NA |
Genera
:
E. rectale Phylum : Firmicutes |
Genera
:
B. thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium |
| Jackson et al., 2018 | 756 hypertensives and 1,790 controls | Prescription medication |
Family
:
Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae |
Family
:
Dehalobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Rikenellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Anaeroplasmataceae, Peptococcaceae |
| Ried et al., 2018 | 49 participants with uncontrolled hypertension | Kyolic aged garlic extract supplement | NA |
Genera (increased in garlic supplement group compared to placebo): Lactobacillus Clostridia species Genera (increased in placebo compared to garlic supplement group): Faecalibacterium prausnitzi |
| Han et al., 2018 | 99 nontreated hypertensives, 56 pre-hypertensives and 41 normotensives | NA |
Genera
:
Prevotella copri in HTN and pre-HTN group Cronobacter phage CR3 in pre-HTN Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus in HTN group |
Streptococcus virus phiAbc2, Salmonella phage vB SemP Emek, Mycobacterium phage Toto |
| Dan et al., 2019 | 67 normotensives 62 hypertensives |
NA |
Genera
:
Acetobacteroides, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Christensenella, Clostridium sensu stricto, Cosenzaea, Desulfovibrio, Dialister, Eisenbergiella, Faecalitalea, Megasphaera, Microvirgula, Mitsuokella, Parabacteroides, Proteiniborus, Terrisporobacter |
Genera
:
Anaerotruncus, Prevotella, Oscillibacter, Butyricimonas, Acetobacteroides, Acidaminobacter, Adlercreutzia, Anaerotruncus, Asteroleplasma, Bulleidia, Cellulosilyticum, Clostridium III, Clostridium IV, ClostridiumXlVa, Coprobacter, Enterococcus, Enterorhabdus, Flavonifractor, Gemmiger, Guggenheimella, Intestinimonas, Lachnospiracea_ incertae_sedis, Lactivibrio, Lactobacillus, Macellibacteroides, Marvinbryantia, Olsenella, Paraprevotella, Parasutterella, Phascolarctobacterium, Prevotella, Romboutsia, Ruminococcus, Sporobacter, Sporobacterium, Sutterella, Vampirovibrio, Veillonella, Victivallis |
| Sun et al., 2019 | 183 hypertensives and 346 normotensives. | NA |
Genera
:
Robinsoniella, Catabacter Family : Veillonellacaeae |
Genera
:
Sporobacter, Anaerovorax, Ruminococcus Family : Ruminococcaceae |
| Li et al., 2019b | 63 hypertensives with treatment-naïve hypertension, 104 hypertensive patients undergoing antihypertensive treatment, 26 normal bp patients with hyperlipidemia, 42 healthy controls | NA |
Genera
:
Megamonas, Megasphaera, Lactococcus, Alistipes, Subdoligranulum |
Genera
:
Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG.003, Ruminococcus 2, Intestinibacter |
| Mushtaq et al., 2019 | 50 patients with grade 3 hypertension, 30 healthy controls | NA |
Genera
:
Prevotella_9, Megasphaera, Parasutterella, Escherichia- Shigella, Phascolarctobacterium faecium |
Genera
:
F. prausnitzii, B. uniformis |
| Huart et al., 2019 | 38 hypertensives, 7 borderline and 9 normotensives | 21 hypertensives under antihypertensive medication |
Genera
:
Clostridium sensu stricto 1 |
Genera
:
Ruminococcaceae_ge_ DQ807686, Clostridiales_ge_16S_ OTU1343 |
| Bellikci-Koyu et al., 2019 | 12 Kefir consuming group and 10 unfermented milk consuming group. All hypertensives | Kefir and unfermented milk consumption |
Phylum
:
Bacteroidetes |
Genera
:
Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium spp Phylum : Actinobacteria Firmicutes Verrucomicrobia |
| Ferguson et al. n.d. | 39 subjects with normal salt intake and 93 with high sodium intake | Dietary salt |
Genera
:
Prevotella, Bacteroides Family : Ruminococcaceae Phylum : Firmicutes, Proteobacteria |
NA |
| Verhaar et al., 2020 | 1,937 hypertensives and 2,735 normotensives | Fecal SCFAs |
Genera
:
Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus |
Genera
:
Roseburia spp., Reseburia hominis, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Romboutsia, Enterorhabdus |
| Shah et al., 2020 | ABO study (Enterotype 1; n = 53 and Enterotype 2; n = 78) and Fair study (N = 29) | Dietary soy |
Genus
:
Prevotella, Dialister (in Enterotype 1) |
NA |
| Palmu et al., 2020 | 3,291 hypertensives and 3,662 normotensives | Dietary sodium |
Genera
:
Anaerostipes, Anaerotruncus, Bacteroides, Blautia, Citrobacter, Colinsella, Coprobacillus, Coprococcus, Dielma, Dorea, Eisenbergiella, Enterobacter, Erysipelatoclostridium, Faecalitalea, Fournierella, Holdemania, Intestinibacter, Kluyvera, Lactococcus, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruthenibacterium, Mitsuokella, Paraprevotella, Sanguibacteroides, Sutterella, Turicibacter, Acidaminococcus, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus salivarius |
Genera
:
Lactobacillus paracasei, Adlercreutzia, Alloprevotella, Anaerotruncus, Coprobacillus, Faecalicoccus, Fournierella, Hungatella, Parasutterella, Prevotella, Sellimonas, Senegalimassilia, Solobacterium, Tyzzerella |
| Chang et al., 2020 | 27 Preeclampsia (PE) and 36 healthy pregnant control | NA |
Genera (in PE):
Enterobacter, Escherichia_Shigella Phylum : Proteobacteria |
Genera (in PE):
Blautia, Eubacterium_rectale, Eubacterium_halii, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Alistipes, Subdoligranulum Phylum : Firmicutes |
| Tindall et al., 2020 | 42 cardiovascular risk adults | Standard western diet run-in and isocaloric study diets |
Genera
:
After walnut diet (relative to standard western diet) characterized by an elevated blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and BMI Roseburia, Eubacterium eligensgroup, Lachnospiraceae UCG001, Lachnospiraceae UCG004, Leuconostocaceae Relative to walnut fatty acid-matched diet Gordonibacter After the walnut fatty acid-matched diet (relative to standard western diet) Roseburia, E. eligensgroup After the oleic acid replaces α-linolenic acid diet (relative to standard western diet) Clostridialesvadin BB60group |
Genera
:
After the whole walnut diet Lachnospiraceae (inversely correlated with blood pressure) |
| Silveira-Nunes et al., 2020 | 48 hypertensives and 32 normotensives | NA |
Genera
:
L. salivarius, Eggerthella, Bacteroides plebeius |
Genera
:
Roseburia faecis, F. prausnitzii, Fusobacterium, Coprococcus |
| Takagi et al., 2020 | 54 controls, 97 hypertensives 96 hyperlipidemia and 162 type 2 diabetes mellitus | NA |
Genera
:
Collinsella Bifidobacterium Phylum : Actinobacteria |
Phylum
:
Bacteroidetes |
| Capper et al., 2020 | 36 healthy participants (19 beetroot group and 17 control group) | Whole beetroot consumption in older population |
Genera
:
Prevotella_9 Phylum : Bacteroidetes |
Genera
:
Alistipes, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia Christensenellaceae_R-7 group |
| Calderón-Pérez et al., 2020 | 29 nontreated hypertensives and 32 normotensives | NA |
Genera
:
Bacteroides coprocola, B. plebeius and genera of Lachnospiraceae |
Genera
:
Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, Christensenellaceae_R-7, F. prausnitzii, Roseburia hominis |
| Wan et al., 2020 | First day versus 2 weeks versus 6 weeks postpartum milk from 117 mothers | Mother’s milk | NA | Lactobacillus is lower in 2 weeks milk in gestational pre-hypertensive mothers. |
| Louca et al., 2021 | 397 hypertensives and 474 normotensives | NA | NA |
Genera
:
Ruminiclostridium 6 |
| Wang et al., 2021 | 93 hypertensives and 15 healthy controls | Effect of electroacupuncture in healthy and HTN group |
Genera
:
Escherichia-Shigella Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes lowered after treatment |
Genera
:
Blautia |
| Liu et al., 2021b | 13 primary aldosteronism (PA) patients, 26 sex-matched primary hypertensives, and 26 sex-matched healthy controls | PA and PHTN patients received antihypertensive medications before recruitment. |
Genera
:
Megamonas, Sutterella Lactobacillus, Enterococcus Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Pseudomonas, Weissella, Ruminococcus gnavus group, Pediococcus, Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, Akkermansia, Alloprevotella, Staphylococcus, Wolbachia, Halomonas, Bradyrhizobium |
Genera
:
Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Roseburia, Coprococcus, Blautia, Ruminococcus, Agathobacter, Alistipes, Adlercreutzia, Paraprevotella, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG 003 Christensenellaceae R-7 group Eubacterium ventriosum group E. eligens group Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio Phylum : Proteobacteria Family : Lachnospiraceae |
| Wan et al., 2021 | 300 healthy controls, 300 hypertensives and 300 coronary heart disease patients | NA |
Genera
:
Enterobacteriales Escherichia shigella |
Genera
:
Acidaminococcaeceae Phascolarctobacterium Phylum : Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia |
| Zhong et al., 2021 | 73 hypertensives and 187 normotensives | Washed microbiota transplant from control to HTN |
Genera
:
Parasutterella. Solobacterium |
Genera
:
Senegalimassilia |
| Calderón-Pérez et al., 2021 | 29 hypertensives versus 32 normotensives | Phenolic compound (sources such as coffee, olive fruits and vegetables) |
Genera
:
Bacteroides coprocola Bacteroides plebeius |
Genera
:
Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Christensenellaceae R-7, F. prausnitzii |
| Joishy et al., 2022 | 37 normotensives and 34 hypertensives | NA |
Genera
:
Prevotella (different ASVs), Megasphaera, Butyricoccus, Prevotellaceae, Faecalibacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Howardella and g-UCG04 |
Genera
:
Prevotella (other ASVs), Alloprevotella, Streptococcus |