Table 3.
Effects of ACEs and number of parenting practices on wellbeing and development of children
| 1. Low socio-emotional wellbeing | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2b | Model 3 | ||||||
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
| ACE score | |||||||||
| (ref: 0) | 1 | 1.52 | (1.31-1.77) | 1.33 | (1.14-1.55) | 1.30 | (1.11-1.52) | ||
| 2-3 | 1.60 | (1.32-1.94) | 1.33 | (1.08-1.63) | 1.29 | (1.05-1.58) | |||
| 4+ | 1.82 | (1.37-2.42) | 1.60 | (1.19-2.16) | 1.59 | (1.18-2.14) | |||
| Covariates | |||||||||
| Age | (year) | 1.06 | (1.02-1.10) | 1.08 | (1.04-1.13) | 1.07 | (1.03-1.12) | ||
| Sex (ref: female) | Male | 1.24 | (1.09-1.41) | 1.25 | (1.10-1.42) | 1.24 | (1.09-1.41) | ||
| Race (ref: White, non Hispanic) | Hispanic | 1.19 | (0.99-1.43) | 1.08 | (0.90-1.30) | 1.08 | (0.90-1.31) | ||
| Black, non Hispanic | 2.00 | (1.68-2.39) | 1.88 | (1.57-2.25) | 1.84 | (1.54-2.21) | |||
| Other, Multiracial | 1.63 | (1.34-1.98) | 1.51 | (1.24-1.84) | 1.53 | (1.25-1.86) | |||
| Parental education (ref: >high school) | High school graduate | 1.69 | (1.44-1.99) | 1.62 | (1.38-1.91) | 1.56 | (1.32-1.84) | ||
| Less than high school | 2.35 | (1.87-2.96) | 2.13 | (1.68-2.70) | 2.05 | (1.62-2.60) | |||
| Number of parenting practices | |||||||||
| (ref: 0-2) | 3 | 0.73 | (0.56-0.95) | 0.73 | (0.56-0.96) | ||||
| 4 | 0.68 | (0.53-0.87) | 0.68 | (0.53-0.87) | |||||
| 5 | 0.49 | (0.39-0.63) | 0.50 | (0.39-0.64) | |||||
| 6 | 0.45 | (0.34-0.60) | 0.46 | (0.35-0.61) | |||||
| 2. General developmental risks | |||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2b | Model 3 | ||||||
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
| ACE score | |||||||||
| (ref: 0) | 1 | 1.71 | (1.50-1.94) | 1.53 | (1.34-1.75) | 1.50 | (1.31-1.72) | ||
| 2-3 | 2.30 | (1.92-2.75) | 1.91 | (1.57-2.32) | 1.86 | (1.54-2.26) | |||
| 4+ | 4.07 | (3.04-5.45) | 3.43 | (2.51-4.66) | 3.42 | (2.50-4.69) | |||
| Covariates | |||||||||
| Age | (year) | 1.20 | (1.16-1.24) | 1.23 | (1.19-1.28) | 1.21 | (1.17-1.25) | ||
| Sex (ref: female) | Male | 1.43 | (1.27-1.60) | 1.43 | (1.28-1.60) | 1.43 | (1.28-1.60) | ||
| Race (ref: White, non Hispanic) | Hispanic | 1.41 | (1.20-1.65) | 1.30 | (1.11-1.53) | 1.30 | (1.11-1.53) | ||
| Black, non Hispanic | 1.34 | (1.14-1.58) | 1.31 | (1.11-1.55) | 1.25 | (1.05-1.47) | |||
| Other, Multiracial | 1.42 | (1.19-1.69) | 1.32 | (1.11-1.58) | 1.34 | (1.12-1.60) | |||
| Parental education (ref: >high school) | High school graduate | 1.31 | (1.13-1.52) | 1.33 | (1.15-1.54) | 1.22 | (1.06-1.42) | ||
| Less than high school | 1.57 | (1.26-1.95) | 1.48 | (1.19-1.85) | 1.38 | (1.11-1.73) | |||
| Number of parenting practices | |||||||||
| (ref: 0-2) | 3 | 0.84 | (0.66-1.08) | 0.85 | (0.66-1.09) | ||||
| 4 | 0.68 | (0.55-0.85) | 0.68 | (0.55-0.86) | |||||
| 5 | 0.54 | (0.44-0.68) | 0.56 | (0.45-0.69) | |||||
| 6 | 0.53 | (0.42-0.68) | 0.55 | (0.44-0.70) | |||||
Colored values were significant (p<0.05).