Extended Data Fig. 2. Robustness tests of the analysis pipeline based on randomized datasets.

a–c, When observations of tree status (blue) or conspecific density (red) were randomized, stabilizing CNDD was practically zero at all latitudes (a) and for all species abundances (b,c). Rare species exhibited minimally, but significantly, stronger CNDD for the dataset with randomized tree status (blue), but the effect sizes varied by orders of magnitude from those observed in the original dataset (black). See ‘Robustness tests’ in Methods for details. For details on the visualization and definition of CNDD in a and b,c, see Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. Estimates of the meta-regressions are shown in Extended Data Table 2 (randomized datasets) and Table 1 (original dataset).