Extended Data Fig. 5. Alternative definition of stabilizing CNDD calculated at low conspecific densities (invasion densities).

The patterns remained qualitatively the same as in the main analysis; that is, stronger CNDD for rare than for common species in the tropics (b,c) but not generally stronger tropical CNDD (a). See ‘Quantification of conspecific density dependence’ for details on the definition of CNDD. For details on the visualization in a and b,c, see Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. Note that for one of the sites (Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute), no point could be drawn for mean CNDD in a because the site-specific meta-regression did not converge. Estimates of the meta-regressions are shown in Extended Data Table 3.