Table 8.

Ambient air pollution exposure was associated with breastmilk HMOs.

	NO2			PM10			PM2.5
	β	P Value	PFDR	β	P Value	PFDR	β	P Value	PFDR
LNFP I (nmol/mL)	105.47	0.23	0.43	− 36.10	0.68	0.74	− 178.41	0.041	0.22
LNFP II (nmol/mL)	− 83.34	0.0045	0.17	− 68.33	0.021	0.17	− 70.27	0.017	0.17
DFLNT (nmol/mL)	− 74.56	0.18	0.38	− 119.02	0.032	0.21	− 145.13	0.008	0.17
LNH (nmol/mL)	− 2.42	0.61	0.69	6.43	0.18	0.38	9.38	0.047	0.22
FLNH (nmol/mL)	− 8.28	0.33	0.52	14.58	0.09	0.24	19.47	0.021	0.17

Multivariable models adjusted for maternal age and socioeconomic status. Unadjusted P-values less than 0.05 are denoted in bold text. The table also includes the adjusted (P_FDR) p-values from the exploratory analysis. All effect estimates (β) are reported for a one standard deviation increase in NO₂ (SD: 2.23 ppb), PM₁₀ (SD: 3.65 µg/$m^3$), and PM_2.5 exposure (SD: 1.02 µg/$m^3$).