Table 1.
Characteristics of the RCTs identified
| Study (first author, year) | Study design | Intervention duration (weeks) | Study duration (weeks) | N intervention/control | Mean age intervention/control (years) | Mean baseline HbA1c intervention/control (mmol/mol) | Mean baseline HbA1c intervention/control (%) | Intervention /sensor type/comparator | Medication use intervention/control (%) | Primary outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajjan et al (2023) [21] | 2-arm RCT | 12 | 43 | 69/72 | 63.2/62.0 | 74.6/77.9 | 8.97/9.27 | isCGM/Freestyle Libre sensor/SMBG |
Insulin: 52.2/47.2 SU: 47.8/52.8 Metformin: 72.5/77.8 DPP4-i: 21.7/15.3 SGLT-2i: 10.1/20.8 GLP-1 RA: 7.2/6.9 Thiazolidinedione: 2.9/0.0 |
TIR |
| Beck et al (2017) [22] | 2-arm RCT | 24 | 24 | 79/79 | 60.0/60.0 | 69/69 | 8.5/8.5 | rtCGM/Dexcom G4 Platinum CGM System/SMBG |
Insulin: 100/100 Metformin: 56/52 DPP4-i: 7.6/5.1 SLGT-2i: 13/13 GLP-1 RA: 14/10 Other (not specified): 8.9/13 |
HbA1c |
| Bergenstal et al (2022) [26] | 2-arm RCT | 16 | 16 | 59/55 | 59.3/58.8 | 66.0/62.3 | 8.19/7.85 | rtCGM/Type not specified/SMBG | Insulin, SU, Metformin, DPP-4i, GLP-1 RA (% not specified) | HbA1c |
| Cosson et al (2009) [27] | 2-arm RCT | 12 (2 days at baseline, 2 days at week 12) | 12 | 11/14 | 57.2/57.3 | 77.3/75.6 | 9.22/9.07 | rtCGM/GlucoDay System/SMBG |
Insulin: 27/43 Oral agents (not specified): 73/57 |
HbA1c |
| Haak et al (2017) [23] | 2-arm RCT | 24 | 24 | 149/75 | 59.0/59.5 | 71.0/72.1 | 8.65/8.75 | isCGM/Freestyle Libre sensor/SMBG | Insulin: 100/100 | HbA1c |
| Martens et al (2021) [28] | 2-arm RCT | 34 | 34 | 116/59 | 56.0/59.0 | 77/75 | 9.2/9.0 | rtCGM/Dexcom G6 CGM System/SMBG |
Insulin: 100/100 SU: 36.2/47.5 Metformin: 79.3/78.0 DPP4-i: 4./13.6 SLGT-2i: 9.5/8.5 GLP-1 RA: 23.3/13.6 |
HbA1c |
| Moon et al (2023) [32] | 3-arm RCT | 12 (1 week at baseline, 1 week at week 12) | 24 | 15/15 | 53.9/50.7 | 66/65 | 8.2/8.1 | rtCGM/Guardian 3 sensor (Medtronic MiniMed)/SMBG |
Insulin: 0/0 SU: 73.3/40.0 Metformin: 100/100 DPP4-i: 80.0/86.7 SLGT-2i: 26.7/13.3 Thiazolidinedione: 40.0/66.7 |
HbA1c |
| Price et al (2021) [29] | 2-arm RCT | 12 (10 days each at weeks 0, 4 and 8) | 36 | 46/24 | 58.9/60.9 | 68/69 | 8.4/8.5 | rtCGM/Dexcom G6 CGM System/SMBG |
Insulin: 0/0 SU: 75.6/56.5 DPP4-i: 28.9/43.5 SGLT-2i: 57.8/39.1 Thiazolidinedione: 11.1/13.0 Biguanide: 82.2/82.6 Meglitinide: 0.0/4.3 Other (not specified): 35.6/34.8 |
HbA1c |
| Vigersky et al (2012) [30] | 2-arm RCT | 12 (four cycles of 2 weeks/1 week off) | 52 | 50/50 | 55.5/60.0 | 68/66 | 8.4/8.2 | rtCGM/Dexcom SEVEN/SMBG |
Insulin: 38/28 Oral agents only: 48.0/54.0 Oral agents/exenatide: 8.0/10.0 Diet and exercise only: 6.0/8.0 |
HbA1c |
| Wada et al (2020) [24] | 2-arm RCT | 12 | 24 | 49/51 | 58.1/58.7 | 61.1/62.3 | 7.83/7.85 | isCGM/Free Style Libre System/SMBG |
Insulin: 0/0 SU: 32.7/27.5 Metformin: 69.4/62.7 DPP4-i: 81.6/78.4 SGLT-2i: 42.9/37.3 GLP-1 RA: 2.0/5.9 Glinide: 20.4/21.6 α-Glucosidase-i: 26.5/35.3 Pioglitazone: 8.2/13.7 |
HbA1c |
| Yaron et al (2019) [25] | 2-arm RCT | 10 | 10 | 53/48 | 67.6/65.9 | 71.4/67.7 | 8.68/8.34 | isCGM/Free Style Libre System/SMBG |
Insulin: 100/100 SU: 0.0/4.2 Metformin: 71.7/72.9 DPP4-i: 7.5/14.6 SGLT-2i: 24.5/27.7 GLP-1 RA: 35.8/31.3 |
Treatment satisfaction |
| Yoo et al (2008) [31] | 2-arm RCT | 12 (once a month for 3 days) | 12 | 32/33 | 54.6/57.5 | 76/72 | 9.1/8.7 | rtCGM/Guardian RT CGM System/SMBG |
Insulin: 13.8/17.9 Oral agents only: 44.8/35.7 Combination of insulin and oral medications: 37.9/42.9 |
HbA1c |
DPP4-i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; α-Glucosidase-i, α-glucosidase inhibitor; SGLT-2i, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea