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. 2024 Feb 29;72(4):254–291. doi: 10.1007/s11748-023-01997-6

Table 1.

Congenital (total; 8349)

(1) CPB ( +) (total; 6510)

Neonate Infant 1 ~ 17 years  ≥ 18 years Total
Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality
Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge
PDA 6 0 0 0 5 1 (20.0) 0 1 (20.0) 3 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 28 1 (3.6) 0 1 (3.6)
Coarctation (simple) 9 0 0 1 (11.1) 14 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 44 0 0 1 (2.3)
 + VSD 39 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 96 0 0 0
 + DORV 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0
 + AVSD 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 (20.0) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 (9.1)
 + TGA 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
 + SV 2 0 0 0 9 1 (11.1) 0 1 (11.1) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 (7.1) 0 1 (7.1)
 + Others 7 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 0 0 0
Interrupt. of Ao (simple) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 + VSD 26 1 (3.8) 0 2 (7.7) 24 1 (4.2) 0 2 (8.3) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 2 (3.1) 0 4 (6.3)
 + DORV 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
 + Truncus 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
 + TGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 + Others 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
Vascular ring 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
PS 6 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 115 0 0 0
PA・IVS or critical PS 5 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 57 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 108 0 0 0
TAPVR 104 4 (3.8) 0 9 (8.7) 43 1 (2.3) 0 2 (4.7) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 5 (3.2) 0 11 (7.0)
PAPVR ± ASD 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 60 0 0 0
ASD 0 0 0 0 48 1 (2.1) 0 1 (2.1) 466 0 0 1 (0.2) 788 7 (0.9) 0 7 (0.9) 1302 8 (0.6) 0 9 (0.7)
Cor triatriatum 3 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 24 0 0 0
AVSD (partial) 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 55 0 0 0
AVSD (complete) 1 0 0 0 87 1 (1.1) 0 2 (2.3) 104 1 (1.0) 0 2 (1.9) 4 0 0 0 196 2 (1.0) 0 4 (2.0)
 + TOF or DORV 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 17 0 0 0
 + Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSD (subarterial) 1 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 138 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 224 0 0 0
VSD (perimemb./muscular) 6 0 0 0 645 0 0 0 331 0 0 1 (0.3) 17 0 0 0 999 0 0 1 (0.1)
VSD (type unknown) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 112 2 (1.8) 0 2 (1.8) 115 2 (1.7) 0 2 (1.7)
VSD + PS 1 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0
DCRV ± VSD 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 31 0 0 0
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
TOF 14 0 0 0 157 0 0 1 (0.6) 157 0 0 0 57 0 0 1 (1.8) 385 0 0 2 (0.5)
PA + VSD 7 0 0 1 (14.3) 85 0 0 0 107 2 (1.9) 0 3 (2.8) 10 0 0 0 209 2 (1.0) 0 4 (1.9)
DORV 13 0 0 2 (15.4) 117 2 (1.7) 0 7 (6.0) 136 1 (0.7) 0 1 (0.7) 4 0 0 0 270 3 (1.1) 0 10 (3.7)
TGA (simple) 83 1 (1.2) 0 4 (4.8) 8 0 0 1 (12.5) 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 100 1 (1.0) 0 5 (5.0)
 + VSD 34 1 (2.9) 0 1 (2.9) 10 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 58 1 (1.7) 0 1 (1.7)
 VSD + PS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Corrected TGA 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 51 0 0 0
Truncus arteriosus 5 0 0 1 (20.0) 16 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 50 0 0 1 (2.0)
SV 16 2 (12.5) 0 2 (12.5) 141 2 (1.4) 0 6 (4.3) 188 0 0 4 (2.1) 19 0 0 1 (5.3) 364 4 (1.1) 0 13 (3.6)
TA 4 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 88 0 0 0
HLHS 30 3 (10.0) 0 7 (23.3) 101 5 (5.0) 0 9 (8.9) 80 0 0 1 (1.3) 1 0 0 0 212 8 (3.8) 0 17 (8.0)
Aortic valve lesion 5 0 0 1 (20.0) 17 2 (11.8) 0 2 (11.8) 110 1 (0.9) 0 1 (0.9) 43 0 0 0 175 3 (1.7) 0 4 (2.3)
Mitral valve lesion 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 1 (3.6) 76 0 0 0 21 0 0 2 (9.5) 125 0 0 3 (2.4)
Ebstein 12 2 (16.7) 0 2 (16.7) 10 1 (10.0) 0 1 (10.0) 21 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 58 3 (5.2) 0 3 (5.2)
Coronary disease 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 26 0 0 0
Others 10 1 (10.0) 0 1 (10.0) 27 0 0 3 (11.1) 53 1 (1.9) 0 1 (1.9) 237 1 (0.4) 0 1 (0.4) 327 3 (0.9) 0 6 (1.8)
Conduit failure 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 30 0 0 0
Redo (excluding conduit failure) 1 0 0 0 50 1 (2.0) 0 2 (4.0) 106 2 (1.9) 0 2 (1.9) 69 0 0 0 226 3 (1.3) 0 4 (1.8)
Total 465 15 (3.2) 0 34 (7.3) 1967 19 (1.0) 0 43 (2.2) 2544 8 (0.3) 0 17 (0.7) 1534 10 (0.7) 0 14 (0.9) 6510 52 (0.8) 0 108 (1.7)
(), % mortality
CPB cardiopulmonary bypass; PDA patent ductus arteriosus; VSD ventricular septal defect; DORV double outlet right ventricle; AVSD atrioventricular septal defect; TGA transposition of great arteries; SV single ventricle; Interrupt. of Ao. interruption of aorta; PS pulmonary stenosis; PA-IVS pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; TAPVR total anomalous pulmonary venous return; PAPVR partial anomalous pulmonary venous return; ASD atrial septal defect; TOF tetralogy of Fallot; DCRV double-chambered right ventricle; TA tricuspid atresia; HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome; RV-PA right ventricle-pulmonary artery
(2) CPB (−) (total; 1839)
Neonate Infant 1–17 years  ≥ 18 years Total
Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality Cases 30-day mortality Hospital mortality
Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge Hospital After discharge
PDA 230 7 (3.0) 0 11 (4.8) 130 1 (0.8) 0 6 (4.6) 6 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 370 8 (2.2) 0 17 (4.6)
Coarctation (simple) 6 0 0 1 (16.7) 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 19 0 0 1 (5.3)
 + VSD 40 2 (5.0) 0 2 (5.0) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 2 (3.8) 0 2 (3.8)
 + DORV 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
 + AVSD 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
 + TGA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 + SV 6 0 0 1 (16.7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 (16.7)
 + Others 3 0 0 1 (33.3) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 (11.1)
Interrupt. of Ao (simple) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 + VSD 21 0 0 2 (9.5) 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 2 (7.4)
 + DORV 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 + Truncus 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
 + TGA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 + Others 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
Vascular ring 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0
PS 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
PA・IVS or Critical PS 14 0 0 1 (7.1) 13 1 (7.7) 0 1 (7.7) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 1 (3.4) 0 2 (6.9)
TAPVR 8 1 (12.5) 0 2 (25.0) 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 (7.1) 0 2 (14.3)
PAPVR ± ASD 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
ASD 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
Cor triatriatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AVSD (partial) 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 (100.0) 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 1(11.1) 0
AVSD (complete) 37 0 0 0 70 1 (1.4) 0 3 (4.3) 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 117 1 (0.9) 0 3 (2.6)
 + TOF or DORV 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0
 + Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSD (subarterial) 4 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0
VSD (perimemb./muscular) 58 1 (1.7) 0 4 (6.9) 143 3 (2.1) 0 4 (2.8) 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 207 4 (1.9) 0 8 (3.9)
VSD (Type Unknown) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSD + PS 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0
DCRV ± VSD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOF 9 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0
PA + VSD 22 0 0 1 (4.5) 35 1 (2.9) 0 2 (5.7) 7 1 (14.3) 0 1 (14.3) 0 0 0 0 64 2 (3.1) 0 4 (6.3)
DORV 47 0 0 3 (6.4) 58 0 0 2 (3.4) 6 0 0 0 1 1(100.0) 0 1(100.0) 112 1 (0.9) 0 6 (5.4)
TGA (simple) 10 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0
 + VSD 8 1 (12.5) 0 1 (12.5) 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 (9.1) 0 1 (9.1)
 VSD + PS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Corrected TGA 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 28 0 0 0
Truncus arteriosus 11 0 1 (9.1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 (8.3)
SV 40 0 0 3 (7.5) 58 3 (5.2) 0 6 (10.3) 8 0 0 0 3 0 0 2(66.7) 109 3 (2.8) 0 11 (10.1)
TA 22 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 45 0 0 0
HLHS 66 1 (1.5) 0 8 (12.1) 27 1 (3.7) 1 (3.7) 1 (3.7) 11 0 0 1 (9.1) 1 0 0 0 105 2 (1.9) 1(1.0) 10 (9.5)
Aortic valve lesion 7 0 0 0 9 1 (11.1) 0 1 (11.1) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 (5.0) 0 1 (5.0)
Mitral valve lesion 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0
Ebstein 10 1 (10.0) 0 1 (10.0) 3 1 (33.3) 0 1 (33.3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 (15.4) 0 2 (15.4)
Coronary disease 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Others 12 1 (8.3) 0 2 (16.7) 8 0 0 1 (12.5) 16 3 (18.8) 0 5 (31.3) 1 0 0 0 37 4 (10.8) 0 8 (21.6)
Conduit failure 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Redo (excluding conduit failure) 14 0 0 0 69 2 (2.9) 0 3 (4.3) 120 5 (4.2) 0 8 (6.7) 39 1(2.6) 0 2(5.1) 242 8 (3.3) 0 13 (5.4)
Total 739 15 (2.0) 0 45 (6.1) 787 15 (1.9) 2 (0.3) 31 (3.9) 244 9 (3.7) 0 15 (6.1) 69 2(2.9) 0 5(7.2) 1839 41 (2.2) 2(0.11) 96 (5.2)
(), % mortality
CPB cardiopulmonary bypass; PDA patent ductus arteriosus; VSD ventricular septal defect; DORV double outlet right ventricle; AVSD atrioventricular septal defect; TGA transposition of the great arteries; SV single ventricle; Interrupt. of Ao. interruption of aorta; PS pulmonary stenosis; PA-IVS pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; TAPVR total anomalous pulmonary venous return; PAPVR partial anomalous pulmonary venous return; ASD atrial septal defect; TOF tetralogy of Fallot; DCRV double-chambered right ventricle; TA tricuspid atresia; HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome; RV-PA right ventricle-pulmonary artery
(3) Main procedure
Neonate Infant 1- 17 years  ≥ 18 years Total
Cases 30-day mortality Cases 30-day mortality Cases 30-day mortality Cases 30-day mortality Cases 30-day mortality
After discharge Hospital mortality Hospital After discharge Hospital mortality Hospital After discharge Hospital mortality Hospital After discharge Hospital mortality Hospital After discharge Hospital mortality
1 SP Shunt 100 0 0 3 (3.0) 267 0 0 6 (2.2) 37 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 405 0 0 9 (2.2)
2 PAB 236 1 (0.4) 0 9 (3.8) 314 4 (1.3) 1 (0.3) 8 (2.5) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 559 5 (0.9) 1 (0.2) 17 (3.0)
3 Bidirectional Glenn or hemi-Fontan ± α 0 0 0 0 217 2 (0.9) 0 6 (2.8) 73 0 0 1 (1.4) 1 0 0 0 291 2 (0.7) 0 7 (2.4)
4 Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 (5.9) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 1 (4.3)
5 PA reconstruction/repair (including redo) 13 1 (7.7) 0 1 (7.7) 179 2 (1.1) 0 4 (2.2) 194 2 (1.0) 0 4 (2.1) 23 1 (4.3) 0 1 (4.3) 409 6 (1.5) 0 10 (2.4)
6 RVOT reconstruction/repair 6 1 (16.7) 0 1 (16.7) 224 1 (0.4) 0 3 (1.3) 267 2 (0.7) 0 3 (1.1) 42 0 0 0 539 4 (0.7) 0 7 (1.3)
7 Rastelli procedure 2 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 97 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 144 0 0 0
8 Arterial switch procedure 122 3 (2.5) 1 (0.8) 7 (5.7) 17 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 141 3 (2.1) 1 (0.7) 7 (5.0)
9 Atrial switch procedure 0 0 0 0 4 1 (25.0) 0 1 (25.0) 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 10 1 (10.0) 0 1 (10.0)
10 Double switch procedure 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0
11 Repair of anomalous origin of CA 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0
12 Closure of coronary AV fistula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
13 Fontan / TCPC 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 356 0 0 2 (0.6) 28 0 0 1 (3.6) 385 0 0 3 (0.8)
14 Norwood procedure 28 2 (7.1) 0 5 (17.9) 76 4 (5.3) 0 7 (9.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 104 6 (5.8) 0 12 (11.5)
15 Ventricular septation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 Left side AV valve repair (including Redo) 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 1 (2.3) 84 0 0 0 28 0 0 1 (3.6) 155 0 0 2 (1.3)
17 Left side AV valve replace (including Redo) 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 20 0 0 1 (5.0) 67 0 0 1 (1.5)
18 Right side AV valve repair (including Redo) 18 2 (11.1) 0 2 (11.1) 71 1 (1.4) 0 4 (5.6) 85 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 238 3 (1.3) 0 6 (2.5)
19 Right side AV valve replace (including Redo) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 33 0 0 0
20 Common AV valve repair (including Redo) 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 2 (18.2) 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 21 0 0 2 (9.5)
21 Common AV valve replace (including Redo) 0 0 0 0 2 1 (50.0) 0 1 (50.0) 14 1 (7.1) 0 2 (14.3) 8 0 0 0 24 2 (8.3) 0 3 (12.5)
22 Repair of supra-aortic stenosis 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 (11.1) 23 0 0 1 (4.3) 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 2 (6.3)
23 Repair of subaortic stenosis (including Redo) 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 51 0 0 0
24 Aortic valve plasty ± VSD Closure 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 49 0 0 0
25 Aortic valve replacement 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 66 0 0 0
26 AVR with annular enlargement 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 21 0 0 0
27 Aortic root Replace (except Ross) 0 0 0 0 1 1 (100.0) 0 1 (100.0) 8 1 (12.5) 0 1 (12.5) 17 0 0 0 26 2 (7.7) 0 2 (7.7)
28 Ross procedure 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 23 0 0 0
29 Bilateral pulmonary artery banding 180 9 (5.0) 0 25 (13.9) 23 1 (4.3) 1 (4.3) 2 (8.7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 203 10 (4.9) 1 (0.5) 27 (13.3)
Total 708 19 (2.7) 1 (0.1) 53 (7.5) 1551 18 (1.2) 2 (0.1) 48 (3.1) 1462 6 (0.4) 0 14 (1.0) 312 1 (0.3) 0 4 (1.3) 4033 44 (1.1) 3 (0.07) 119 (3.0)
(), % mortality
SP systemic-pulmonary; PAB pulmonary artery banding; PA pulmonary artery; RVOT right ventricular outflow tract; CA coronary artery; AV fistula arteriovenous fistula; TCPC total cavopulmonary connection; AV valve atrioventricular valve; VSD ventricular septal defect; AVR aortic valve replacement