Table 4.

APS acts synergically with other chemotherapeutic drugs.

Test type	Standard anti-cancer drugs	Cancer types	Cell type/Animal model	Dosage/ concentrations	Signaling pathways (↑upregulation, ↓downregulation)	REF
in vitro	Cisplatin	Lung cancer	A549/CDDP cells	100 mg/L	Bax↑, ΔΨm↓, Bcl-2↓, P-gp↓, and PI3K/AKT↓	(133)
		Colorectal cancer	SW620 cells, SW620/CDDP cells	1 mg/mL	miR-10b-5p↓ and AGPAT3↑	(134)
		Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	CNE-1 cells	200 μg/mL	MMP-9↓, p53↑, G0/G1 phase arrest and S phase arrest	(135)
		Ovarian cancer	SKOV3 cells	800 μg/mL	Bcl-2↓, Bax↑, caspase-3↑, and JNK1/2↑	(136)
	Gefitinib	Adenocarcinoma of lung	PC9 cells and HCC827 cells	200 mg/L	PD-L1/SREBP-1/EMT↓	(138)
	Apatinib	Pancreatic cancer	ASPC-1 cells and PANC-1 cells	200 μg/mL	p-AKT↓, p-ERK↓ and MMP-9↓	(140)
in vivo	Taxol	Breast cancer	4T1 cells, mouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7 and BALB/C mice	40 mg/kg bw	G2/M phase arrest↓, Taxol-induced cytotoxicity↓	(139)
in vitro and in vivo	Cisplatin	Melanoma	A375/CDDP cells, B16/CDDP cells; C57BL/6/SCID mice♂	200 mg/kg bw	PD-L1/PI3K/AKT↓	(132)
	Doxorubicin	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Hep3B cells; BALB/c nude mice♂	0-50 mg/L	OGT↓, OGA↑, O-GlcNAcylation↓	(137)

Bax, Bcl-2-associated X; ΔΨm, Mitochondrial membrane potential; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; AKT, Protein kinase B; Fas, Fas transmembrane glycoprotein; AGPAT3, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 3; MMP-9, Matrix metalloproteinase-9; p53, p53 protein; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases1/2; PD-L1, Programmed cell death protein-ligand 1; SREBP1, Recombinant Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1; EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; p-AKT, phospho-Protein kinase B; p-ERK; phospho-Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases; OGT, O-GlcNAc transferase; OGA, O-GlcNAcase;O-GlcNAcylation, Methods to detect the expression of O-GlcNAc.