Table 5.
Immunomodulatory effects of APS.
| Test type | Cancer types | Cell type/Animal model | Dosage/concentrations | Signaling pathways (↑upregulation, ↓downregulation) |
REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in vitro | Breast cancer | MCF-7 cells and RAW264.7 cells | 200-1000 μg/mL | TNF-α↑and NO↑ | (146) |
| in vivo | Melanoma | B16-F10 cells and C57BL/6 mice♂ | 200 mg/kg bw | MDSC↓, Arginase-1↓, interleukin-10↓, transforming growth factor-β↓ and CD8+T cells↑ | (147) |
| Ascites tumor | Kunming mice, S180 cells | 150, 300 mg/kg bw | HIF-1↑, CD3+ cells↑, CD4+ cells↑ and CD8+T cells↑ | (89) | |
| in vitro and in vivo | Non-small cell lung cancer | H441 cells, H299 cells, LLC1 cells; C57BL/6 mice♂ |
16 mg/ml; 3 mg/kg bw |
IL-6/10↓, M1/M2 macrophage polarization ratio↑ and DC functions mature↑ | (143) |
| Breast cancer | 4T1 cells, RAW264.7 cells; BALB/c mice♀ |
30, 100, 300 μg/mL | IL-6↑, TNF-α↑, iNOS↑ and M1/M2 macrophage polarization ratio↑ | (144) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | MHCC97H cells, Huh7 cells, THP1 cells; BALB/c nude mice♂ |
8, 16 mg/mL; 50, 100, 200 mg/kg bw |
M1 macrophages↑ and M2 macrophages↓ | (146) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | SMMC-7721 cells, Huh7 cells; BALB/c mice |
0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/mL; 100, 200, 400 mg/kg bw |
CD8+T cells↑, PD-L1↓, miR-133a-3p↑ and MSN↓ | (149) | |
| Breast cancer; Colon cancer |
4T1 cells and CT26 cells; BALB/c mice |
10,000 ng/ml; 50 mg/kg bw |
PD-L1↓ and AKT/mTOR/p70S6K↓ | (150) |
TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; NO, Nitric oxide; MDSC, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; HIF-1, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1; IL-6/10, Interleukin-6/10; IL-6, Interleukin-6; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; PD-L1, Programmed cell death protein-ligand 1; MSN, Moesin; AKT, Protein kinase B; mTOR, Mammalian rapamycin target protein; P70S6K, P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase.