Table 2.

Summary of process evaluations and causal-comparative studies.

App type and name		Design	Duration	Participants	Findings
Planning apps
	App 33 (GreenCobra) [36]	Cohort	2 wk	30 participants	Significant knowledge gain
	App 37 (MFGa) [35]	Cohort	3 wk	12 participants int eh control group	Significant knowledge gain
	App 39 (MyNutriCart) [43]	App vs education	8 wk	27 participants in the intervention group and 24 participants in the control group	Nonsignificant difference in healthiness of purchases vs education
Selection apps
	App 26 (EDO app) [50]	Cohort	12 wk	143 participants	Significant knowledge gain and significant gain in self-efficacy
Multistage apps
	App 44 (PBGAb) [35]	Cohortc	3 wk	12 participants in the intervention group and 12 participants in the control group	Significant knowledge gain
	App 44 (PBGA) [35]	App 44 (PBGA) vs App 37 (MFG)	3 wk	12 participants in the intervention group and 12 participants in the control group	Significant reduction in ultraprocessed food purchases

^aMFG: My Food Guide.

^bPBGA: Pirate Bridgitte’s Grocery Adventure.

^cKnowledge gain was assessed using a pre- and posttest design, whereas behavior change was assessed by comparing the effects of different apps. Therefore, we list the results in separate table rows even though the 2 evaluations were performed in the same study.