TABLE 1.
The acute effect of the weightlifting training bouts on resting brain activity for theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequencies.
| Pre-Training bouts | Post-training bouts | ANOVA 2 ways | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIb | CIs | DL | R | CIb | CIs | DL | R | Interaction Group × Training (F, p value, ηp²) | Group effect (F, p value, ηp²) | Training effect (F, p value, ηp²) | |
| Theta frequency (N ± SD) | |||||||||||
| F | 0.85 ± 2.09 | 0.87 ± 2.45 | 1.81 ± 2.14 | 1.43 ± 2.3 | 1.22 ± 2.36 | 1.34 ± 2.35 | 1.46 ± 2.38 | 1.28 ± 2.93 | (F=1.26, p=0.30, ηp²= 0.06) | (F=0.24, p=0.87, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.17, p=0.68, ηp²= 0.003) |
| C | 4.66 ± 2 | 4.77 ± 2.28 | 5.27 ± 2.16 | 4.92 ± 2.39 | 5.08 ± 2.52 | 5.04 ± 2.69 | 5.25 ± 2.72 | 5.15 ± 2.68 | (F=0.32, p=0.82, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=0.10, p=0.96, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=1.09, p=0.31, ηp²= 0.02) |
| T-L | 2.87 ± 2.36 | 2.93 ± 2.21 | 3.74 ± 2.59 | 3.57 ± 2.66 | 3.22 ± 3.34 | 3.22 ± 3.01 | 3.47 ± 3.84 | 3.72 ± 2.96 | (F=0.68, p=0.57, ηp²= 0.03) | (F=0.25, p=0.86, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.20, p=0.66, ηp²= 0.003) |
| T-R | 3.08 ± 2.79 | 3.25 ± 2.63 | 3.59 ± 2.62 | 3.36 ± 2.81 | 3.41 ± 3.03 | 3.17 ± 3.22 | 3.78 ± 2.98 | 3.8 ± 2.95 | (F=0.46, p=0.71, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=0.13, p=0.94, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=1.86, p=0.18, ηp²= 0.03) |
| P/O | 5.02 ± 2.37 | 5.25 ± 2.5 | 5.55 ± 2.56 | 5.36 ± 2.62 | 5.38 ± 2.96 | 5.59 ± 2.98 | 5.73 ± 3.09 | 5.83 ± 2.74 | (F=0.11, p=0.96, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.10, p=0.96, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=4.54, p=0.04, ηp²= 0.08) |
| Alpha frequency (N ± SD) | |||||||||||
| F | -0.16 ± 3.08 | -0.45 ± 3.03 | 0.26 ± 2.92 | 0.33 ± 3.22 | 0.58 ± 3.04 | 0.43 ± 2.74a | 0.55 ± 2.94 | 0.67 ± 2.99 | (F=1.18, p=0.33 ηp²= 0.06) | (F=0.10, p=0.96, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=17.05, p=0.0001, ηp²= 0.22) |
| C | 4.79 ± 3.35 | 4.55 ± 3.27 | 4.97 ± 3.3 | 4.91 ± 3.48 | 5.75 ± 3.46a | 5.4 ± 3.38 | 5.75 ± 3.27 | 5.93 ± 3.23a | (F=0.17, p=0.91 ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.06, p=0.98, ηp²= 0.003) | (F=45.89, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.43) |
| T-L | 4.24 ± 3.86 | 4 ± 3.46 | 4.75 ± 3.54 | 4.91 ± 3.8 | 5.05 ± 4.01 | 4.93 ± 3.6 | 5.29 ± 4.12 | 5.54 ± 3.16 | (F=0.37, p=0.77, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=0.14, p=0.94, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=24.98, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.30) |
| T-R | 4.87 ± 4.37 | 4.97 ± 3.78 | 5.11 ± 3.71 | 5.13 ± 4.11 | 5.68 ± 4.23 | 5.24 ± 4.28 | 5.94 ± 3.38a | 6.27 ± 3.63a | (F=1.05, p=1.95, ηp²= 0.13) | (F=0.07, p=0.98, ηp²= 0.004) | (F=18.49, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.36) |
| P/O | 7.55 ± 3.92 | 7.73 ± 3.86 | 7.88 ± 3.74 | 8.05 ± 3.89 | 8.55 ± 4.04a | 8.73 ± 3.93a | 8.93 ± 3.57a | 9.07 ± 3.42a | (F=0.01, p=0.99, ηp²= 0.0004) | (F=0.06, p=0.98, ηp²= 0.003) | (F=61.35, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.51) |
| Beta frequency (N ± SD) | |||||||||||
| F | -6.28 ± 2.72 | -6.1 ± 2.41 | -5.46 ± 2.01 | -5.49 ± 2.51 | -4.95 ± 2.55a | -5.13 ± 1.96a | -4.69 ± 2.08 | -4.79 ± 2.14 | (F=1.19, p=0.32, ηp²= 0.06) | (F=0.27, p=0.85, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=53.10, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.47) |
| C | -2.95 ± 2.27 | -2.97 ± 2.06 | -2.59 ± 1.92 | -2.54 ± 2.42 | -1.89 ± 2.2a | -2.17 ± 2.08a | -1.74 ± 2.06a | -1.7 ± 2.13a | (F=0.28, p=0.83, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.16, p=0.92, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=65.27, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.52) |
| T-L | -4.07 ± 2.53 | -3.61 ± 2.16 | -2.98 ± 1.66 | -2.96 ± 2.23 | -2.53 ± 2.63a | -2.59 ± 2.17 | -2.43 ± 2.48 | -1.96 ± 2.14 | (F=1.30, p=0.28, ηp²= 0.06) | (F=0.49, p=0.70, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=33.15, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.36) |
| T-R | -3.85 ± 2.7 | -3.32 ± 2.41 | -3.17 ± 1.78 | -3.36 ± 2.57 | -2.48 ± 2.33a | -2.87 ± 2.66 | -2.04 ± 1.79a | -2.19 ± 2.16a | (F=2.37, p=0.08, ηp²= 0.11) | (F=0.22, p=0.88, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=62.25, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.51) |
| P/O | -2.25 ± 2.36 | -2 ± 1.96 | -2 ± 1.77 | -1.82 ± 2.3 | -1.15 ± 2.48a | -1.27 ± 2.2a | -1 ± 2.07a | -0.87 ± 1.87a | (F=0.80, p=0.50, ηp²= 0.04) | (F=0.08, p=0.97, ηp²= 0.004) | (F=116.54, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.66) |
| Gamma frequency (N ± SD) | |||||||||||
| F | -9.82 ± 2.72 | -9.47 ± 2.24 | -8.82 ± 1.85 | -8.9 ± 2.38 | -7.87 ± 2.56a | -7.92 ± 1.88a | -7.71 ± 2.35 | -7.5 ± 1.88a | (F=0.70, p=0.56, ηp²= 0.04) | (F=0.37, p=0.78, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=51.88, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.46) |
| C | -7.59 ± 2 | -7.34 ± 1.9 | -7.15 ± 1.5 | -7.02 ± 2.23 | -6.07 ± 2.42a | -6.2 ± 1.73a | -5.85 ± 2.17a | -5.74 ± 1.64a | (F=0.23, p=0.87, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=0.22, p=0.89, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=63.51, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.51) |
| T-L | -8.06 ± 2.55 | -7.3 ± 2.21 | -6.45 ± 1.84 | -6.49 ± 2.37 | -5.81 ± 3.06a | -5.75 ± 2.1 | -5.88 ± 3.01 | -5.05 ± 2.33 | (F=1.61, p=0.20, ηp²= 0.08) | (F=0.80, p=0.5, ηp²= 0.04) | (F=28.39, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.32) |
| T-R | -8.1 ± 2.68 | -7.37 ± 2.16 | -7.04 ± 1.62 | -7.5 ± 2.7 | -6.13 ± 2.69a | -6.39 ± 2.38 | -5.46 ± 2.01a | -5.69 ± 1.95a | (F=1.11, p=0.35, ηp²= 0.05) | (F=0.48, p=0.70, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=60.19, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.50) |
| P/O | -7.39 ± 2.61 | -7.08 ± 1.61 | -7.02 ± 1.62 | -6.88 ± 2.37 | -5.87 ± 2.88a | -6.05 ± 2.03a | -5.75 ± 2.33a | -5.52 ± 1.69a | (F=0.41, p=0.75, ηp²= 0.02) | (F=0.14, p=0.94, ηp²= 0.01) | (F=67.26, p < 0.0001, ηp²= 0.53) |
a
: significant difference from pre to post; Frontal (F), Central (C), temporal left (T_Left), temporal right (T_right) and parieto-occipital (P/O) regions; Contextual interference blocked CIb, Contextual interference serial (CIs), differential learning (DL), Repetitive (R) motor learning models.