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. 2022 Aug 1;1:17. doi: 10.1038/s44172-022-00018-3

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Charging mode. b p-h diagram of the charging mode. c Discharging mode – can be used for either spacing heating with higher COP or domestic hot water with higher temperature. d p-h diagram of the discharging mode. e Discharging with defrosting mode. f p-h diagram of the discharging with defrosting mode. The connections indicated by dashed lines are deactivated.