Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with AIS/TIA according to BG-EPVS
| Characteristics | None/mild (n=8634) | Moderate (n=3135) | Frequent/severe (n=834) | P value |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 60.2±11.2 | 66.1±9.9 | 70.5±9.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 24.8±3.3 | 24.7±3.4 | 24.3±3.4 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male (%) | 5808 (67.3) | 2218 (70.8) | 573 (68.7) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 1244 (14.4) | 438 (14.0) | 93 (11.2) | 0.03 |
| Tobacco intake, n (%) | 2848 (33.0) | 890 (28.4) | 194 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 147.5 (134.0–163.0) | 150.0 (137.0–165.0) | 150.0 (137.5–164.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 86.0 (79.0–95.0) | 87.0 (79.5–96.5) | 85.5 (79.0–94.0) | 0.03 |
| History of disease, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2030 (23.5) | 701 (22.4) | 135 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 5097 (59.0) | 2225 (71.0) | 591 (70.9) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 716 (8.3) | 243 (7.8) | 45 (5.4) | 0.01 |
| Stroke | 1635 (18.9) | 868 (27.7) | 261 (31.3) | <0.001 |
| TIA | 233 (2.7) | 88 (2.8) | 19 (2.3) | 0.70 |
| Coronary artery disease | 797 (9.2) | 385 (12.3) | 95 (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 43 (0.5) | 27 (0.9) | 5 (0.6) | 0.08 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 67 (0.8) | 21 (0.7) | 6 (0.7) | 0.84 |
| Medication use during hospitalisation or at discharge, n (%) | ||||
| Antiplatelet treatment | 8465 (98.0) | 3063 (97.7) | 819 (98.2) | 0.46 |
| Anticoagulation treatment | 860 (10.0) | 319 (10.2) | 97 (11.6) | 0.31 |
| Statins treatment | 8422 (97.5) | 3058 (97.5) | 803 (96.3) | 0.08 |
| Hypoglycaemic treatment | 2359 (27.3) | 811 (25.9) | 156 (18.7) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertension treatment | 4348 (50.4) | 1932 (61.6) | 501 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| NIHSS on admission, median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 0.98 |
| mRS, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | <0.001 |
| Index event, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Ischaemic stroke | 8014 (92.8) | 2973 (94.8) | 796 (95.4) | |
| TIA | 620 (7.2) | 162 (5.2) | 38 (4.6) | |
| TOAST, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 2295 (26.6) | 825 (26.3) | 210 (25.2) | |
| Cardioembolism | 466 (5.4) | 193 (6.2) | 70 (8.4) | |
| Small vascular occlusion | 1859 (21.5) | 783 (25.0) | 223 (26.7) | |
| Other determination | 141 (1.6) | 26 (0.8) | 4 (0.5) | |
| Undetermined | 3873 (44.9) | 1308 (41.7) | 327 (39.2) | |
| CSVD markers | ||||
| D-WMH, median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
| PV-WMH, median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
| Lacune, n (%) | 3521 (40.8) | 2068 (66.0) | 637 (76.4) | <0.001 |
AIS, acute ischaemic attack; BG-EPVS, EPVS in basal ganglia; BMI, body mass index; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; D-WMH, deep-WMH; EPVS, enlarged perivascular spaces; mRS, modified Rankin scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score; PV-WMH, periventricular-WMH; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TOAST, Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.