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. 2024 Mar 7;15:1332758. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332758

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of mothers, fathers, primary caregivers, and secondary caregivers.

Mothers (N = 157) Fathers (N = 113) ANOVA or χ2 p Primary caregivers (N = 147) Secondary caregivers (N = 123) ANOVA or χ2 p
Age, M (SD) 33.26 (3.99) 37.71 (5.95) F (1, 263) = 53.142 <0.001 34.93 (5.19) 35.31 (5.56) F (1, 263) = 0.336 0.563
Length of relationship (in years), M (SD) 7.24 (3.07) 9.32 (3.94) F (1, 268) = 23.756 <0.001 7.98 (3.53) 8.27 (3.69) F (1, 268) = 0.429 0.513
Relationship status: married, n (%) 87.3 69.9 χ2(1) = 12.362 <0.001 80.3 79.7 χ2(1) = 0.015 0.903
Infant is a twin, n (%) 7.0 25.7 χ2(1) = 18.124 <0.001 13.6 16.3 χ2(1) = 0.374 0.541
Working status, n (%) χ2(2) = 8.089 <0.05 χ2(2) = 20.333 <0.001

  • Full time

 56.1 69.6 51.7 73.8

  • Part-time

 31.2 16.1 27.2 22.1

  • Not working

 12.7 14.3 21.1 4.1
Educational level, n (%) χ2(2) = 7.226 <0.05 χ2(2) = 1.111 0.574

  • High

 87.7 75.2 82.8 82.1

  • Middle

 11.0 21.2 15.9 14.6

  • Low

 1.3 3.5 1.4 3.3
Family income, n (%) χ2(2) = 7.626 < 0.05 χ2(2) = 0.431 0.806

  • Over 42,356 dollars

 65.2 80.5 73.3 69.7

  • Between 12,706–42,356 dollars

 32.9 18.6 25.3 28.5

  • Under 12,706 dollars

 1.9 0.9 1.4 1.6
Country of residence, n (%) χ2(2) = 10.264 < 0.05 χ2(2) = 0.343 0.842

  • The Netherlands

 42.7 23.9 36.1 33.3

  • The United Kingdom

 19.7 27.4 21.8 24.4

  • France

 37.6 48.7 42.2 42.3
Living location, n (%) χ2(3) = 7.092 0.069 χ2(3) = 0.544 0.909

  • Large city

 22.9 37.2 29.3 28.5

  • Medium city

 33.8 29.2 33.3 30.1

  • Small city

 37.6 27.4 32.0 35.0

  • Rural area

 5.7 6.2 5.4 6.5