Table 2.
Comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise testing between healthy controls and hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
| Control subjects (N = 141) | COVID-19patients (N = 47) | Effect size | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ppVO2 (%)* | 95 ± 35 | 83 ± 15 | 0.38 (0.05–0.71) | 0.002 |
| ppVO2 (%)** | 88 ± 18 | 81 ± 18 | 0.39 (0.05–0.72) | 0.039 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 25.0 ± 7 | 22.5 ± 6 | 0.37 (0.04–0.70) | 0.04 |
| OUES | 2,380 ± 860 | 2,122 ± 611 | 0.32 (0.01–0.65) | 0.02 |
| VO2@AT (mL/kg/min) | 14.4 ± 4.4 | 12.8 ± 3.1 | 0.39 (0.05–0.72) | 0.007 |
| Peak oxygen pulse (mL/beat) | 13.8 ± 3.9 | 13.2 ± 3.6 | 0.15 | |
| Peak VO2 (l/min) | 2.20 ± 0.8 | 2.02 ± 0.7 | 0.19 | |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 156 ± 22 | 156 ± 18 | 0.87 | |
| Peak SBP (mmHg) | 169 ± 26 | 164 ± 20 | 0.23 | |
| Peak RER | 1.17 ± 0.1 | 1.18 ± 0.1 | 0.47 | |
| VE/VCO2 slope | 31 ± 8 | 31 ± 7 | 0.33 | |
| Peak VE (l/min) | 84 ± 27 | 76 ± 23 | 0.08 | |
| ppVE (%) | 106 ± 40 | 93 ± 39 | 0.12 |
ppVO2, predicted-percentage peak VO2; HR, heart rate; OUES, oxygen uptake efficiency slope; VO2@AT, VO2 at anaerobic threshold; SBP, systolic blood pressure; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; VE, ventilation, ppVE predicted-percentage peak VE. *Wasserman and Hansen algorithm and **FRIEND equation. Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (p25–p75).