Figure 3.

Mandibular alterations and defective optic disc in homozygous (hom) Foxd2 (forkhead boxD2) knockout (KO) mice. Micro–computed tomography representative images of the (a) skull and (b) mandible from control (wild-type [wt]) and hom Foxd2 KO male mice. In (a), the coronoid (left side) and condylar (right side) processes are highlighted by dash line rectangles; and in (b), by a magnified inset and arrows, respectively. (c) Volume matching of male control (gray) and mutant (red) mandibles at an identical scale, allowing easy qualitative comparison of the described morphological changes. (d) Mandibular morphometric analysis comparing distance measurements between several anatomical landmarks: (1) dorsal-most point of the coronoid process; (2) anterodorsal side of the condylar process; (3) ventral-most point of the condylar process; (4) posterior-most point of the angular process; and (5) ventral-most point of the front lower part of the mandible. The condylar process is shorter (distances 1–2 and 3–4) and slightly wider (distance 2–3) in mutants than in control animals. These landmarks have already been described in rodents.⁴⁴n = 4 wt and n = 2 homozygous females and n = 4 wt and n = 4 homozygous males. Single values and mean ± SD values are shown. Test for statistical significance was not performed because of the low animal number. (e) Representative images of eyes of 16-week-old hom Foxd2 KO mice and age-matched wt littermates using the en face optical coherence tomography modality. Foxd2^−/− fundus appearance around the optic nerve displays a darker signal, indicating alterations of the optic disc (green arrow). (f) Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images through the optic nerve showed altered optic nerve morphology. Eleven of 17 hom Foxd2 KO mice showed clear optic disc alterations. To optimize viewing of this image, please see the online version of this article at www.kidney-international.org.