Table 1.

Sample Characteristics and Descriptive Statistics by Food Security Status

	Total Sample (N = 299)		Food Secure¹ (N = 236)		Food Insecure¹ (N = 61)

Participant characteristics	N	M (SD)/%	N	M (SD)/%	N	M (SD)/%	p-value
Age, years	297	29.71 (5.48)	235	30.29 (5.52)	60	27.42 (4.80)	< 0.001
Income-to-needs ratio	290	3.49 (2.96)	231	4.00 (3.01)	59	1.51 (1.68)	< 0.001
Pre-pregnancy weight status²							0.16
Underweight	8	2.7	4	1.7%	4	6.6%
Normal weight	108	36.1	89	37.7%	19	31.1%
Overweight	83	27.8	67	28.4%	16	26.2%
Obese	100	33.4	76	32.2%	22	36.1%
Gestational diabetes³							0.94
Yes	31	10.4	24	10.2%	6	9.8%
No	268	89.6	212	89.8%	55	90.2%
Race/ethnicity							< 0.001
Non-Hispanic White	157	52.5%	141	59.7%	16	26.2%
Non-Hispanic Black	86	28.8%	54	22.9%	32	52.5%
Hispanic/Other/Multiracial	56	18.7%	41	17.4%	13	21.3%
Educational attainment							< 0.001
≤High school diploma/GED	47	15.9%	29	12.3%	18	38.3%
Some college	57	19.3%	37	15.7%	20	33.3%
2-year college degree	24	8.1%	18	7.7%	6	10.0%
4-year college degree	74	25.1%	65	27.7%	9	15.0%
Post graduate work/degree	93	31.5%	86	36.6%	7	11.7%
Eating behaviors	289		233		56
Restrained eating		2.19 (0.78)		2.23 (0.77)		2.05 (0.83)	0.13
Emotional eating		2.17 (0.92)		2.18 (0.94)		2.13 (0.84)	0.68
External eating		2.96 (0.61)		2.98 (0.61)		2.86 (0.60)	0.19
Dietary intake outcomes	297		236		61
Total added sugars, tsp/day		15.89 (4.68)		15.53 (4.27)		17.28 (5.85)	0.03
Added sugars from SSBs, tsp/day		6.57 (3.66)		6.18 (3.12)		8.07 (5.03)	0.01
Percentage energy from fat (% kcal/day)		32.96 (4.26)		32.61 (4.13)		34.34 (4.50)	0.01
Fruit and vegetables, cups/day		2.49 (0.69)		2.55 (0.70)		2.25 (0.60)	< 0.01

t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare differences by food security status for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Weight status [underweight (BMI = <18.5 kg/m²; normal weight (BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m²); overweight (BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m²); obese (BMI = ≥ 30 kg/m²) (CDC, 2022).

Gestational diabetes diagnosis (Yes=1, No=0).