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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Appetite. 2023 Sep 22;191:107062. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107062

Table 2.

Hierarchical Regression Models Predicting Estimated Daily Dietary Intake of Selected Food Groups and/or Nutrients from Eating Behaviors and Food Security Status during Pregnancy (N=299)

Outcome: Total added sugars Block 1 Block 2
Main effects β (SE) p-value β (SE) p-value
Age 0.01 (0.06) 0.99 −0.02 (0.07) 0.80
Education −0.08 (0.08) 0.29 −0.08 (0.08) 0.34
Income-to-needs ratio −0.07 (0.07) 0.35 −0.08 (0.07) 0.30
Pre-pregnancy BMI 0.08 (0.06) 0.17 0.08 (0.06) 0.17
Gestational diabetes1 −0.13 (0.06) 0.03 −0.13 (0.06) 0.03
Non-Hispanic white2 0.11 (0.08) 0.19 0.11 (0.08) 0.19
Non-Hispanic black3 0.02 (0.08) 0.80 0.02 (0.08) 0.82
Food security status4 0.12 (0.06) 0.05 −0.08 (0.38) 0.84
Restrained eating −0.21 (0.06) <0.01 −0.15 (0.07) 0.03
Emotional eating 0.03 (0.08) 0.66 0.03 (0.08) 0.71
External eating 0.14 (0.07) 0.06 0.12 (0.08) 0.14
Interaction terms
Restrained Eating X food security status -- -- −0.11 (0.07) 0.10
Emotional eating X food security status -- -- −0.02 (0.08) 0.83
External eating X food security status -- -- 0.18 (0.38) 0.63
Outcome: Added sugars from SSBs Block 1 Block 2
Main effects
Age −0.05 (0.06) 0.42 −0.07 (0.06) 0.24
Education −0.09 (0.08) 0.26 −0.08 (0.08) 0.32
Income-to-needs ratio −0.05 (0.07) 0.52 −0.06 (0.07) 0.42
Pre-pregnancy BMI 0.14 (0.06) 0.02 0.14 (0.06) 0.02
Gestational diabetes1 −0.13 (0.06) 0.02 −0.12 (0.06) 0.04
Non-Hispanic white2 −0.01 (0.08) 0.93 −0.01 (0.08) 0.88
Non-Hispanic black3 −0.06 (0.08) 0.40 −0.07 (0.08) 0.34
Food security status4 0.15 (0.06) 0.01 0.19 (0.37) 0.60
Restrained eating −0.23 (0.06) <0.001 −0.16 (0.07) 0.02
Emotional eating −0.03 (0.08) 0.71 −0.04 (0.08) 0.62
External eating 0.09 (0.07) 0.19 0.10 (0.08) 0.20
Interaction terms
Restrained eating X food security status -- -- −0.15 (0.06) 0.02
Emotional eating X food security status -- -- −0.00 (0.08) 0.99
External eating X food security status -- -- −0.06 (0.37) 0.87
Outcome: Fruit and vegetable intake Block 1 Block 2
Main effects
Age 0.03 (0.07) 0.62 0.04 (0.07) 0.57
Education 0.10 (0.08) 0.21 0.10 (0.08) 0.20
Income-to-needs ratio −0.03 (0.08) 0.73 −0.02 (0.08) 0.78
Pre-pregnancy BMI −0.16 (0.06) 0.01 −0.15 (0.06) 0.01
Gestational diabetes1 −0.00 (0.06) 0.96 −0.01 (0.06) 0.93
Non-Hispanic white2 0.06 (0.08) 0.44 0.05 (0.08) 0.52
Non-Hispanic black3 0.08 (0.08) 0.29 0.08 (0.08) 0.33
Food security status4 −0.15 (0.06) 0.01 −0.09 (0.39) 0.82
Restrained eating 0.05 (0.06) 0.47 0.00 (0.07) 0.98
Emotional eating −0.07 (0.08) 0.37 −0.05 (0.09) 0.55
External eating −0.03 (0.08) 0.66 −0.02 (0.08) 0.77
Interaction terms
Restrained eating X food security status -- -- 0.08 (0.07) 0.23
Emotional eating X food security status -- -- −0.04 (0.09) 0.64
External eating X food security status −0.06 (0.39) 0.89
Outcome: Percentage energy from fat Block 1 Block 2
Main effects
Age −0.01 (0.06) 0.87 −0.00 (0.06) 0.96
Education −0.02 (0.08) 0.83 −0.02 (0.08) 0.84
Income-to-needs ratio −0.09 (0.07) 0.20 −0.09 (0.07) 0.24
Pre-pregnancy BMI 0.18 (0.06) <0.01 0.18 (0.06) <0.01
Gestational diabetes1 −0.04 (0.06) 0.48 −0.04 (0.06) 0.48
Non-Hispanic white2 −0.01 (0.08) 0.90 −0.02 (0.08) 0.76
Non-Hispanic black3 0.08 (0.08) 0.30 0.07 (0.08) 0.37
Food security status4 0.11 (0.06) 0.07 0.37 (0.37) 0.32
Restrained eating −0.13 (0.06) 0.03 −0.18 (0.07) <0.01
Emotional eating 0.07 (0.08) 0.37 0.08 (0.08) 0.29
External eating 0.21 (0.07) <0.01 0.24 (0.08) <0.01
Interaction terms
Restrained eating X food security status -- -- 0.09 (0.06) 0.15
Emotional eating X food security status -- -- −0.03 (0.08) 0.69
External eating X food security status -- -- −0.26 (0.37) 0.49
1

Gestational diabetes diagnosis (Yes=1 vs. No=0).

2

Non-Hispanic white (non-Hispanic white=1 vs. all other=0);

3

Non-Hispanic black (non-Hispanic black=1 vs. all other=0).

4

Households were classified as food insecure if 2 or more of the 6 items from the Household Food Security Short Form were answered affirmatively and food secure if less than 2 of the 6 items were answered affirmatively. Note: Bold font indicates statistically significant effects at p < 0.05.