TABLE 1.
Means (and standard deviations) for four studies of forgiveness campaigns, including the present study (Monteria, Colombia. 2021).
| Outcome | Lampton et al. [13] | Stratton et al. [15] | Griffin et al. [16] | Present study | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre (n = 23) | Post (n = 23) | Pre (n = 29) | Post 2 (n = 29) | Wave A (n = 881) | Wave D (n = 679) | Pre (n = 2,878) | Post (n = 2,878) | Effect size | |
| Trait forgivingness a | 35.1 (6.11) | 37.1 (5.24) | 36.8 (6.30) | 37.4 (6.80) | 35.9 (7.20) | 38.0 (7.10) | 0.31 | ||
| Avoidance b | 20.8 (6.99) | 19.9 (7.19) | 19.66 (8.95) | 17.90 (8.16) | |||||
| Revenge c | 8.13 (3.44) | 7.13 (2.32) | 7.41 (2.98) | 7.03 (3.21) | |||||
| Conciliation d | 23.22 (5.75) | 22.78 (5.62) | |||||||
| TRIM Total e | 37.1 (8.80) | 39.3 (8.40) | 0.24 | ||||||
| Positive responses to offender f | 16.1 (3.92) | 19.6 (5.07) | 18.11 (5.69) | 19.74 (5.40) | |||||
| Forgive school friends g | 4.09 (0.78) | 4.12 (0.78) | |||||||
| Forgive roommate g | 4.10 (0.92) | 4.09 (0.95) | |||||||
| Forgive teachers g | 3.23 (0.96) | 3.40 (0.90) | |||||||
| Forgive parents g | 4.45 (0.80) | 4.51 (0.77) | |||||||
| Knowledge test h | 0.35 (0.15) | 0.67 (0.30) | 1.07 | ||||||
| Decisional forgiveness i | 4.02 (0.93) | 4.42 (0.75) | 0.42 | ||||||
| Emotional forgiveness j | 3.51 (0.85) | 3.83 (0.80) | 0.40 | ||||||
| Forbearance k | 3.94 (0.86) | 4.36 (0.89) | 0.45 | ||||||
| Depression symptoms l | 1.37 (1.03) | 1.18 (1.05) | −0.18 | ||||||
| Anxiety symptoms m | 1.24 (1.03) | 1.14 (1.10) | −0.10 | ||||||
| Flourishing n | 7.60 (1.80) | 8.01 (1.75) | 0.24 | ||||||
Note. Effect size for the present study is computed as (posttest—pretest)/pooled SD. All pre-post differences are significant at p < 0.001. Testing of pre-post differences used multilevel modeling regression with time of assessment at level 1 and individual at level 2. In each regression equation, the outcome variable was regressed on covariates and time (t2 vs. t1). Covariates included age (continuous), sex (female, male), income (lower, higher), marital status (unmarried, married or in a relationship), religious status (not religious, religious), frequency of religious service attendance (continuous), and war survivor status (not a survivor of war, survivor of war). Outcomes measures as follows:
Trait Forgivingness Scale (range: 10–50).
Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-Avoidance subscale (range: 7–35).
Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM)-Revenge subscale (range: 5–25).
Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-Conciliation subscale (range: 6–30).
Sum of Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory subscales of Avoidance (reverse scored), Revenge (reverse scored), and Benevolence (range: 18–90).
Forgiveness-Positive Responses to the Offender (range: 6–30).
Forgiveness of school friends, roommate, teachers, and parents are four single-item measures (range: 1–5 each).
Forgiveness knowledge is expressed as a fraction of correct responses out of 10 (range: 0–1).
Decision to Forgive Scale (range: 6–30).
Emotional Forgiveness Scale (range: 8–40).
Forbearance Scale (range: 1–6).
Anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Index 18 (range: 1–5).
Depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Index 18 (range: 1–5).
Flourishing Index (range: 0–10).