Table 2.

Characteristics of included papers

Paper	First author	Journal	Publication year	Model utility	Body region	Sample size	Modality	Mean RQS1	Self-reported RQS
1	Noortman WA [22]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Abdomen	38	PET-CT	10.3	N/A
2	Bao D [23]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Head and neck	216	MRI	16	N/A
3	Chen Q [24]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection and prognostication	Thorax	240	CT	15.2	N/A
4	von Schacky CE [25]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Musculoskeletal	880	X-ray	13.2	N/A
5	Chu F [26]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Abdomen	434	MRI	14.7	N/A
6	Xiang F [27]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Abdomen	204	CT	14.8	N/A
7	Zhang H [28]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Abdomen	138	CT	12.7	N/A
8	Zheng Y [29]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Head and neck	388	CT	13	N/A
9	Lin M [30]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Head and neck	489	US	12.5	N/A
10	Jiang J [31]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Neurovascular	403	CT	14.3	N/A
11	Kang JJ [32]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Neuro	149	MRI	8.7	N/A
12	Zhang D [33]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Abdomen	209	MRI	13.7	N/A
13	Ma X [34]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Thorax	612	CT	13.2	N/A
14	Li MD [54]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Technical	108	US	2.5	N/A
15	Xie X [35]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Neuro	89	MRI	8.5	N/A
16	Zhu C [36]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Abdomen	106	CT	13.2	N/A
17	Fan Y [51]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Thorax	192	MRI	14.8	27
18	Zhao M [37]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Thorax	421	PET-CT	11.2	N/A
19	Frood R [38]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Whole body	289	PET-CT	8.5	N/A
20	Zheng Q [39]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Neuro	1650	MRI	8.8	N/A
21	Zhong J [40]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection and prognostication	Musculoskeletal	144	MRI	14	N/A
22	Cheng B [41]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Thorax	636	CT	14.8	N/A
23	Bi S [42]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication/classification	Head and neck	128	MRI	13	N/A
24	Si N [43]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection and classification	Cardiovascular-thorax	105	CT	12.3	N/A
25	Eifer M [44]	Eur Radiol	2022	Classification	Thorax	99	PET-CT	6	N/A
26	Chen H [45]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection and classification	Neuro	609	MRI	11.3	N/A
27	Zhong J [55]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Technical	N/A	CT	4.5	N/A
28	Zhang X [46]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Thorax	172	CT	14.2	N/A
29	Zhang H [52]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Neuro	355	CT	12.8	23
30	Zheng YM [47]	Eur Radiol	2022	Prognostication	Head and neck	217	CT	15.8	N/A
31	Salinas-Miranda E [48]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Abdomen	122	CT	9.3	N/A
32	Nagaraj Y [49]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Thorax	2720	CT	14.3	N/A
33	Bleker J [50]	Eur Radiol	2022	Detection	Abdomen	524	MRI	11.7	N/A

¹According to the ratings of 6 raters from groups 1 and 2