Table 4.
Stability data and constants of gadolinium-based contrast agents
| Name | Ligand | Thermodynamic stability | Conditional stability | Kinetic stability | Dissociation constant | Excess ligand | Stability classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (pH 14) | (pH 7.4) | (37 °C, pH 1) | Kobs | EMA | |||
| (Log Ktherm) | (Log Kcond) | (T½; hours) | (s−1) | (mmol/l) | |||
| Gadopentetate | DTPA | 22.5 | 18.4 | 0.16 | 0.58 | 1 | Low |
| Gadodiamide | DTPA-BMA | 16.9 | 14.9 | 0.01 | 12.7 | 25 | Low |
| Gadobenate | BOPTA | 22.6 | 18.4 | NA | 0.41 | 0 | Intermediate |
| Gadoxetate | EOB-DTPA | 23.5 | 18.7 | NA | 0.16 | Intermediate | |
| Gadoteridol | HP-DO3A | 23.8 | 17.1 | 2.0 | 0.00026 | 0.5 | High |
| Gadobutrol | BT-DO3A | 21.8 | 14.7 | 7.9 | 0.000028 | 1 | High |
| Gadoterate | DOTA | 25.6 | 19.3 | 26.4 | 0.000008 | 0 | High |
| Gadopiclenol | Piclen | 18.7 | 15.5 | 120.0 | 0.000002 | NA | NA |
EMA, European Medicines Agency; Log, logarithm; NA, no data available; pH, acidity of a solution; T½, half-life
Sources: van der Molen, Eur J Radiol 2008; Port, Biometals 2008; Rohrer, Invest Radiol 2005; Robic, Invest Radiol 2019; Szomolanyi, Invest Radiol 2019; Personal communication with medical departments of Bayer Healthcare, Bracco Imaging, GE Healthcare, Guerbet