Table 2.
Within-group and between-group comparisons for clinical scales.
| Variable | Groups | Within-group differences | Between-group differences | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | Mean (SD) | LS Mean (95% CI) | Difference in LS Mean (95% CI) | p value | |||||
| VNS | Sham | VNS | Sham | VNS | Sham | VNS | Sham | |||
| FMA-UE# | 30.5 (8.9) | 29.6 (8.7) | 41.1 (12) | 33.2 (8.3) | 10.7 (5.7) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.61 (8.63, 12.6) | 3.64 (1.65, 5.62) | 6.98 (4.26, 9.70) | <0.001 |
| ARAT# | 15.7 (11) | 15.4 (11) | 27.5 (15) | 18.8 (11) | 11.8 (7.9) | 3.4 (2.9) | 11.84 (9.16, 14.5) | 3.36 (0.69, 6.04) | 8.47 (4.82, 12.1) | <0.001 |
| MBI# | 72.2 (17) | 69.1 (15) | 84.4 (11) | 74.8 (14) | 12.3 (9.7) | 5.7 (4.4) | 12.77 (10.2, 15.3) | 5.18 (2.61, 7.75) | 7.59 (4.07, 11.1) | <0.001 |
Based on an ANCOVA model after adjusting baseline value. ANCOVA, Analysis of Covariance; CI, Confidence Interval; LS, Least Squares; SD, Standard Deviation. FMA-UE, Fugl-Meyer assessment-upper extremity; ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; #significant time × intervention interaction.