Table 5.
Repeated-measures ANOVA for HRV outcomes.
| Variable | Group | Descriptive analysis | Within-group differences | Repeated-measures ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T1-T0 in LS Mean (95% CI) | T2-T0 in LS Mean (95% CI) | Effect | F | p | η2P | ||
| HRa | VNS | 82.5 (11) | 77.8 (9.96) | 73 (9.56) | −6.47 (−9.8, −3.2) | −10.77 (−15.6, −6.0) | Time | 0.866 | 0.402 | 0.024 |
| Sham | 78.5 (11.6) | 78 (11.4) | 77.2 (12.1) | −1.57 (−4.5, 1.4) | −2.16 (−6.5, 2.1) | Time*Group | 7.795 | 0.002 | 0.178 | |
| Group | 10.043 | 0.003 | 0.218 | |||||||
| SDNN | VNS | 29.9 (12.8) | 31.2 (11.3) | 39.2 (10.8) | 4.28 (−1.9, 10.5) | 10.84 (5.0, 16.7) | Time | 2.190 | 0.119 | 0.057 |
| Sham | 28.3 (13) | 31.8 (12.7) | 27.8 (10.5) | 4.90 (−0.7, 10.5) | 0.97 (−4.3, 6.2) | Time*Group | 6.180 | 0.003 | 0.147 | |
| Group | 2.370 | 0.132 | 0.062 | |||||||
| RMSSD | VNS | 23.3 (9.92) | 23.7 (8.99) | 29.3 (9.85) | 4.44 (−2.4, 11.3) | 7.94 (2.4, 13.5) | Time | 0.660 | 0.520 | 0.018 |
| Sham | 24.3 (11.7) | 26.6 (13.6) | 26.8 (7.74) | 4.51 (−1.6, 10.6) | 3.78 (−1.2, 8.8) | Time*Group | 0.865 | 0.425 | 0.023 | |
| Group | 0.498 | 0.485 | 0.014 | |||||||
| LF/HF | VNS | 2.32 (1.42) | 1.39 (0.908) | 1.23 (0.849) | −0.60 (−1.3, 0.1) | −0.74 (−1.4, −0.1) | Time | 0.328 | 0.721 | 0.009 |
| Sham | 1.82 (1.02) | 1.96 (1.28) | 1.45 (1.02) | 0.33 (−0.3, 0.9) | −0.14 (−0.7, 0.4) | Time*Group | 3.270 | 0.044 | 0.083 | |
| Group | 5.732 | 0.022 | 0.137 | |||||||
SD, Standard Deviation; LS, Least Squares; CI, Confidence Interval; HR, average heart rate; SDNN, standard deviation of the NN intervals; RMSSD, square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals; LF/HF, low-to-high frequency power ratio; aThe Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used for not obeying the sphericity assumption.