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. 2024 Mar 8;18:1346634. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1346634

Table 5.

Repeated-measures ANOVA for HRV outcomes.

Variable Group Descriptive analysis Within-group differences Repeated-measures ANOVA
T0 T1 T2 T1-T0 in LS Mean (95% CI) T2-T0 in LS Mean (95% CI) Effect F p η2P
HRa VNS 82.5 (11) 77.8 (9.96) 73 (9.56) −6.47 (−9.8, −3.2) −10.77 (−15.6, −6.0) Time 0.866 0.402 0.024
Sham 78.5 (11.6) 78 (11.4) 77.2 (12.1) −1.57 (−4.5, 1.4) −2.16 (−6.5, 2.1) Time*Group 7.795 0.002 0.178
Group 10.043 0.003 0.218
SDNN VNS 29.9 (12.8) 31.2 (11.3) 39.2 (10.8) 4.28 (−1.9, 10.5) 10.84 (5.0, 16.7) Time 2.190 0.119 0.057
Sham 28.3 (13) 31.8 (12.7) 27.8 (10.5) 4.90 (−0.7, 10.5) 0.97 (−4.3, 6.2) Time*Group 6.180 0.003 0.147
Group 2.370 0.132 0.062
RMSSD VNS 23.3 (9.92) 23.7 (8.99) 29.3 (9.85) 4.44 (−2.4, 11.3) 7.94 (2.4, 13.5) Time 0.660 0.520 0.018
Sham 24.3 (11.7) 26.6 (13.6) 26.8 (7.74) 4.51 (−1.6, 10.6) 3.78 (−1.2, 8.8) Time*Group 0.865 0.425 0.023
Group 0.498 0.485 0.014
LF/HF VNS 2.32 (1.42) 1.39 (0.908) 1.23 (0.849) −0.60 (−1.3, 0.1) −0.74 (−1.4, −0.1) Time 0.328 0.721 0.009
Sham 1.82 (1.02) 1.96 (1.28) 1.45 (1.02) 0.33 (−0.3, 0.9) −0.14 (−0.7, 0.4) Time*Group 3.270 0.044 0.083
Group 5.732 0.022 0.137

SD, Standard Deviation; LS, Least Squares; CI, Confidence Interval; HR, average heart rate; SDNN, standard deviation of the NN intervals; RMSSD, square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals; LF/HF, low-to-high frequency power ratio; aThe Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used for not obeying the sphericity assumption.