Table 1.
Sociodemographic information and prevalent substance exposure stratified by likely PTSD diagnosis at emergency department recruitment visit.
| Unlikely PTSD 1
N = 1,844 |
Likely PTSD N = 1,099 |
Overall N = 2,943 |
p-Value 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 34.8 (13.1) | 37.7 (13.5) | 34.9 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Median (min, max) | 31.5 (18.0, 74.0) | 34.0 (18.0, 73.0) | 32 (18, 74) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 207 (11.2%) | 135 (12.3%) | 342 (11.6%) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 969 (52.5%) | 489 (44.5%) | 1,458 (49.5%) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 67 (3.6%) | 44 (4.0%) | 111 (3.8%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 593 (32.2%) | 427 (38.9%) | 1,020 (34.7%) | |
| Missing | 8 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 12 (0.4%) | |
| Sex assigned at birth | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 796 (43.2%) | 328 (29.8%) | 1,124 (38.2%) | |
| Female | 1,047 (56.8%) | 771 (70.2%) | 1,818 (61.8%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 1 (0.0%) | |
| Gender identity | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 795 (43.1%) | 325 (29.6%) | 1,120 (38.1%) | |
| Female | 1,043 (56.6%) | 772 (70.2%) | 1,815 (61.7%) | |
| Transgender | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | 4 (0.1%) | |
| None | 3 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.1%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.0%) | |
| Marital status | 0.002 | |||
| Divorced | 252 (13.7%) | 198 (18.0%) | 450 (15.3%) | |
| Married | 375 (20.3%) | 233 (21.2%) | 608 (20.7%) | |
| Never married | 1,175 (63.7%) | 636 (57.9%) | 1,811 (61.5%) | |
| Widowed | 30 (1.6%) | 27 (2.5%) | 57 (1.9%) | |
| Missing | 12 (0.7%) | 5 (0.5%) | 17 (0.6%) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| No HS | 11 (0.6%) | 4 (0.4%) | 15 (0.5%) | |
| Some/finished HS | 1,243 (67.4%) | 661 (60.1%) | 1,904 (64.7%) | |
| Some/finished college | 476 (25.8%) | 331 (30.1%) | 807 (27.4%) | |
| Graduate school | 108 (5.9%) | 100 (9.1%) | 208 (7.1%) | |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 3 (0.3%) | 9 (0.3%) | |
| Income | <0.001 | |||
| ≤$35,000/year | 986 (53.5%) | 658 (59.9%) | 1,644 (55.9%) | |
| >$35,000 and ≤$75,000/year | 349 (18.9%) | 220 (20.0%) | 569 (19.3%) | |
| >$75,000/year | 224 (12.1%) | 144 (13.1%) | 368 (12.5%) | |
| Don’t know | 285 (15.5%) | 77 (7.0%) | 362 (12.3%) | |
| Traumatic events | 0.84 | |||
| Assault | 174 (9.5%) | 113 (10.3%) | 288 (9.8%) | |
| Collision | 1,414 (76.7%) | 833 (75.8%) | 2,247 (76.4%) | |
| Fall | 136 (7.4%) | 77 (7.0%) | 213 (7.2%) | |
| Other | 118 (6.4%) | 75 (6.8%) | 193 (6.6%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2(0.1%) | |
| Tobacco | 0.06 | |||
| None | 1,205 (65.3%) | 679 (61.8%) | 1,884 (64.0%) | |
| Any | 632 (34.3%) | 414 (37.7%) | 1,046 (35.5%) | |
| Missing | 7 (0.4%) | 6 (0.5%) | 13 (0.4%) | |
| Alcohol | 0.10 | |||
| None | 721 (39.1%) | 395 (35.9%) | 1,116 (37.9%) | |
| Any | 1,116 (60.5%) | 699 (63.6%) | 1,815 (61.7%) | |
| Missing | 7 (0.4%) | 5 (0.5%) | 12 (0.4%) | |
| Cannabis | 0.90 | |||
| None | 1,290 (70.0%) | 774 (70.4%) | 2,064 (70.1%) | |
| Any | 539 (29.2%) | 319 (29.0%) | 858 (29.2%) | |
| Missing | 15 (0.8%) | 6 (0.5%) | 21 (0.7%) | |
1 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed using the PTSD Symptom Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) at emergency department (ED) baseline. Likely PTSD was defined as PCL-5 score greater than 33; a validated cutoff has been shown to indicate likely PTSD diagnosis based on the PCL-5 (26). Unlikely PTSD was defined as PCL-5 score of less than 33.
2 Continuous variables were tested for differences in means using two-sample t-tests assuming unequal variance. Categorical variables were tested for differences in distribution using chi-squared tests. Missing values were excluded from these bivariate tests.