Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to quintiles of the dietary polyphenol intake.
| Dietary polyphenol intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile1 | Quintile2 | Quintile3 | Quintile4 | Quintile5 | P value a | |
| (n = 1979) | (n = 1978) | (n = 1980) | (n = 1979) | (1978) | ||
| Mean total polyphenol intake | 2435.13 | 3358.87 | 4099.51 | 5039.87 | 7891.70 | < 0.001 |
| Ageb | 50.83 (0.22) | 49.18 (0.21) | 48.74 (0.20) | 47.61 (0.19) | 47.53 (0.19) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Men | 427 (21.6) | 592 (29.9) | 805 (40.7) | 1007 (50.9) | 1100 (55.6) | < 0.001 |
| Women | 1552 (78.4) | 1386 (70.1) | 1175 (59.3) | 972 (49.1) | 878 (44.4) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| Illiterate | 1346 (68) | 1291 (65.3) | 1223 (61.8) | 1118 (56.5) | 1167 (59) | |
| Primary | 283 (14.3) | 308 (15.6) | 339 (17.1) | 340 (17.2) | 368 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
| Secondary | 93 (4.7) | 112 (5.7) | 133 (6.7) | 166 (8.4) | 159 (8) | |
| High | 127 (6.4) | 138 (7) | 138 (7) | 182 (9.2) | 147 (7.4) | |
| University | 130 (6.6) | 129 (6.5) | 147 (7.4) | 173 (8.7) | 137 (6.9) | |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | ||||||
| Inactive | 561 (28.3) | 509 (25.7) | 502 (25.4) | 455 (23) | 454 (23) | |
| Low | 584 (29.5) | 507 (25.6) | 524 (26.5) | 495 (25) | 384 (19.4) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate | 489 (24.7) | 532 (26.9) | 480 (24.2) | 486 (24.6) | 495 (25) | |
| Active | 345 (17.4) | 430 (21.7) | 474 (23.9) | 543 (27.4) | 645 (32.6) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 288 (14.6) | 309 (15.6) | 327 (16.5) | 306 (15.46) | 290 (14.66) | 0.13 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 31 (1.5) | 29 (1.5) | 33 (1.7) | 37 (1.9) | 33 (1.67) | 0.204 |
| Body Mass Index, n (%) | ||||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 37 (1.9) | 35 (1.8) | 29 (1.5) | 24 (1.2) | 24 (1.2) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 483 (24.4) | 424 (21.4) | 421 (21.3) | 435 (22) | 458 (23.2) | 0.003 |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 669 (33.8) | 731 (37) | 734 (37.1) | 733 (37) | 793 (40.1) | |
| Obesity (> 30) | 790 (39.9) | 788 (39.8) | 796 (40.2) | 787 (39.8) | 703 (35.5) | |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl)b | 119.76 (1.30) | 112.34 (1.11) | 113.00 (1.22) | 110.51 (1.08) | 107.58 (0.97) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)b | 172.88 (2.74) | 167.55 (2.39) | 162.36 (2.29) | 158.82 (2.50) | 156.99 (2.14) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)b | 190.61 (0.90) | 189.49 (0.90) | 188.49 (0.92) | 189.30 (0.90) | 190.61 (0.90) | 0.57 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dl)b | 50.32 (0.26) | 50.45 (0.27) | 50.00 (0.26) | 49.57 (0.27) | 50.82 (0.28) | 0.07 |
| AST (mg/dl)b | 19.56 (0.20) | 19.18 (0.21) | 18.62 (0.24) | 18.12 (0.18) | 18.00 (0.20) | < 0.001 |
| ALT (mg/dl)b | 24.07 (0.37) | 23.21 (0.39) | 21.27 (0.32) | 19.71 (0.28) | 18.89 (0.31) | < 0.001 |
| NAFLD, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 312 (15.76) | 307 (15.52) | 291 (14.69) | 273 (13.79) | 254 (12.84) | 0.02 |
aP-values were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
bData are given as means, with standard error (SE) in parentheses.