Fig. 1. Global phylogeny of ST45 S. aureus and qacA carriage.

a Maximum-likelihood tree was constructed using 37,549 core SNPs identified in the global collection of 2001 ST45 S. aureus. b Maximum-likelihood tree of 616 ST45 S. aureus in BAPS 4 was built using an alignment of 4716 core genome SNPs. From the innermost to the outermost ring, the heatmaps display (i) population clusters or sub-clusters determined by hierBAPS, (ii) whether an isolate was MRSA or MSSA based on mecA carriage, (iii) presence or absence of qacA carriage, (iv) geographical origin of the isolates. Isolates with unknown geographic information were denoted by the blank heatmaps on the outer ring.