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. 2024 Mar 21;14:6777. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56845-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of ECM and dECM. (a–c) Morphology, mineralization, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined. The ultrastructure of ECM and dECM was observed using scanning electron microscopic analysis (SEM). (b) Relative Alizarin Red S (ARS) quantification of N-, OM-ECM_DPSCs and N-, OM-ECM_GSCs. Bars indicate a significant difference between groups (*p < 0.05). (d) Type I collagen and fibronectin expression in ECM were determined using immunofluorescence staining. The genetic component was stained using DAPI. F-actin was visualized using phalloidin staining. e Type I collagen and fibronectin expression were determined in dECM. Scale bars: 10, 20, and 300 µm.