Table 2.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to OGTT results.
| Normoglycemic group (n = 8,593) | SAV group (n = 342) | GDM (n = 418) | p-value* | p-value# | p-value$ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Emergency cesarean section, n (%) | 836 (24.57) | 35 (22.29) | 55 (23.50) | 0.765 | ||
| Postpartum bleeding, n (%) | 399 (4.64) | 13 (3.80) | 26 (6.22) | 0.242 | ||
| PAH†, n (%) | 313 (3.64) | 28 (8.19) | 43 (10.29) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes diagnosis within 6 months after delivery, n (%) | 1 (0.01) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.96) | < 0.001 | 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes diagnosis within 5 years after delivery, n (%) | 156 (1.82) | 26 (7.60) | 62 (14.83) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Neonatal outcomes | ||||||
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 1676 (19.50) | 94 (27.49) | 114 (27.27) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.76 (1.57) | 38.39 (2.19) | 38.21 (1.80) | < 0.001 | 0.007 | < 0.001 |
| < 24 + 0, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.58) | 0 (0.00) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.014 |
| ≥ 24 + 0, < 28 + 0, n (%) | 18 (0.21) | 1 (0.29) | 3 (0.72) | |||
| ≥ 28 + 0, < 34 + 0, n (%) | 102 (1.19) | 7 (2.05) | 6 (1.44) | |||
| ≥ 34 + 0, < 37 + 0, n (%) | 444 (5.17) | 27 (7.89) | 35 (8.37) | |||
| ≥ 37 + 0, n (%) | 8029 (93.44) | 305 (89.18) | 374 (89.47) | |||
| Chorioamnionitis, n (%) | 13 (0.15) | 2 (0.58) | 2 (0.48) | 0.054 | ||
| Polyhydramnios, n (%) | 27 (0.31) | 2 (0.58) | 4 (0.96) | 0.058 | ||
| LGA, n (%) | 194 (2.26) | 9 (2.63) | 14 (3.35) | 0.325 | ||
| Clavicle fracture, n (%) | 23 (0.27) | 2 (0.58) | 1 (0.24) | 0.330 | ||
| NICU admission, n (%) | 1068 (12.43) | 57 (16.67) | 63 (15.07) | 0.023 | 0.062 | 0.334 |
| Apgar score < 5 in 1 min, n (%) | 198 (2.31) | 14 (4.09) | 11 (2.63) | 0.099 | ||
| Apgar score < 5 in 5 min, n (%) | 53 (0.62) | 4 (1.17) | 2 (0.48) | 0.416 | ||
| RDS, n (%) | 126 (1.47) | 5 (1.46) | 14 (3.35) | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.007 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 464 (5.40) | 25 (7.31) | 28 (6.70) | 0.178 | ||
| Use of surfactant, n (%) | 71 (0.83) | 4 (1.17) | 11 (2.63) | 0.003 | 1.0 | 0.004 |
| IVH, n (%) | 114 (1.33) | 5 (1.46) | 2 (0.48) | 0.313 | ||
| HIE, n (%) | 226 (2.63) | 13 (3.80) | 11 (2.63) | 0.42 | ||
| Jaundice, n (%) | 1362 (15.85) | 61 (17.84) | 95 (22.73) | 0.001 | 0.975 | < 0.001 |
| Hypoglycemia, n (%) | 17 (0.20) | 7 (2.05) | 35 (8.37) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 187 (2.18) | 16 (4.68) | 8 (1.91) | 0.008 | 0.007 | 1.0 |
| Composite outcome††, n (%) | 1977 (23.01) | 92 (26.90) | 122 (29.19) | 0.004 | 0.282 | 0.011 |
Values are expressed as means (standard deviation, SD), or n (%).
SAV single abnormal value in 100 g OGTT, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, PAH pregnancy-associated hypertension, LGA large for gestational age, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, HIE hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
*p-value: normoglycemic vs SAV vs GDM.
#Post-hoc p-value using Bonferroni methods: normoglycemic vs SAV.
$Post-hoc p-value using Bonferroni methods: normoglycemic vs GDM.
†PAH: corresponding to one of preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and eclampsia.
††Composite outcome: corresponding to one or more of NICU admission, RDS, TTN, mechanical ventilation, HIE, IVH, Jaundice, hypoglycemia, sepsis.